tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36519438044047976002024-03-05T11:35:10.106+07:00Law Journal of Cambodia (ព្រឹត្តិប័ត្រច្បាប់កម្ពុជា)Law Journal of Cambodia(LJC) is a non-political and independent team who volunteer working for disseminating laws and information regarding development and human rights situation in Cambodia. All comment or idea of LJC cannot be claimed in front of court and other purpose. LJC just provide ways for people to understand the context of law and other issues. LJC wants people to understand the law and live in peaceful means.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.comBlogger405125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-32468473646920229132014-11-14T08:55:00.000+07:002014-11-14T09:18:50.728+07:00Workshop on strategic planning for Critical Legal Thinking Group on 30 November 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">គោរពអញ្ជើញ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">សមាជិក</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ចូលរួមសិក្ខាសាលារៀបចំផែនកា<wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr>រយុត្តិសាស្រ្តក្រុម</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ក្រុមគិតត្រិះរិះគតិយុត្តិ</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr> ( Critical Legal
Thinking /<wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr> CLT ) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ដែលជាបណ្តាញសង្គម</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">អ្នកច្បាប់</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">សូមជម្រាបជូនដំណឹង</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ដល់សមាជិកក្រុមទំាងអស់ឲ្យបាន</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ជ្រាបថា</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ដើម្បីលើកកម្ពស់ការអនុវត្តន៍ច្បាប់ប្រកបដោយប្រសិទ្ធិភា<wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr>ព</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">និងមានប្រព័ន្ធតុលាការឯករាជ្យសំដៅឈានទៅរកសង្គមមួយដែលមា<wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr>ននីតិរដ្ឋបរិបូរនិងសន្តិភាព</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ក្រុម</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">CLT </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">នឹងរៀបចំ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ផែនការយុត្តិសាស្រ្ត៥</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ឆ្នាំរបស់ខ្លួន</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ដែលនឹងប្រព្រឹត្តទៅនៅថ្ងៃទី</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">៣០</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ខែ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">វិច្ឆិកា</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ឆ្នាំ២០១៤</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">វេលាម៉ោង៨</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ព្រឹកដល់</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">១១</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">:</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">៣០នាទី</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">នៅ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ទីស្នាក់ការអង្កការយុវសន្តិ<wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr>ភាព</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">/</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">វិទ្យាស្ថានសន្តិភាពកម្ពុជា</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ផ្ទះលេខ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">៤</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">-</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">៦</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">G </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ផ្លូវលេខ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">៥១៣</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">សង្កាត់បឹងកក់១</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ខណ្ឌទួលគោក</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ភ្នំពេញ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">។</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">អាស្រ័យហេតុនេះ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">សូមគោរពអញ្ចើញសមាជិកក្រុម</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">មេត្តាចូលរូម</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ក្នុងកម្មវិធីនេះឲ្យបានច្រើ<wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"></wbr>នកុះករ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">។</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ដើម្បីងាយស្រួលរៀបចំ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">សូមមេត្តាផ្តល់ព័តមានពីការចូលរួមរបស់លោក</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">លោកស្រីមកអ្នករៀបចំមុនថ្ងៃទី២៦</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ខែវិច្ឆិកា</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">តាមរយៈទូរស័ព្ទមកលោក</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">នូ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">វ៉ា</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">លេខ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">០១៦</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">៣១៤</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">៩៦៤</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ឬ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">០៣១</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">៧៧៧៧៨០០</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Facebook </span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ឬ</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">email nouvakrt@<a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgmail.com%2F&h=aAQHG313D&enc=AZPbio5L1u4tFsefYI2zH5mVGb_s1-Wv8ymvY0IbLzyphO6bg6cZHCRQfE1I9k--ob8&s=1" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="cursor: pointer;" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gmail.com/</span></a> cambodianlawjournal@gmail.<wbr></wbr>com
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">។</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: DaunPenh; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">សូមអរគុណ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> !</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><br />
<br />
We cordially invite the group members of Critical Legal Thinking Group to
attend </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-bidi-font-size: 19.5pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">a</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> five year
strategic planning to identify issues and determine future action plan. Your
attendance is valuable to reach the common goal to solve our currently problem
in Cambodia, particular, human rights and judicial independent. The event will
be held on November 30, 2014 at Youth For Peace office #4-6 G Street 513,
Sangkat Boeungkak 1, Phnom Penh. Please confirm your participants before 26
November 2014.<br />
<br />
The foreigners are also welcome to attend the forum. We will conduct
simultaneous interpretation for this workshop.<br />
<br />
We would like you to confirm your attendance to Mr. Nou Va, tel 016 314 964, 031
7777 800, facebook and/this page before 26 November 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Law Journal of Cambodia(LJC) is a non-political and independent team who volunteer working for disseminating laws and information regarding development and human rights situation in Cambodia. All comment or idea of LJC cannot be claimed in front of court and other purpose. LJC just provide ways for people to understand the context of law and other issues. LJC wants people to understand the law and live in peaceful means. If you need inquiry, please drop your e-mail to cambodianlawjournal@gmail.com. Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/law.cambodia
If you want to join with group to discuss law please link here: http://www.facebook.com/groups/405507152815204/
Welcome all comments on this blog
ព្រឹតិ្តបត្រច្បាប់កម្ពុជា (ព ច ក)គឺជាក្រុមឯករាជ្យ និងមិនមែនជាបក្សនយោបាយ ទេ ជាក្រុមស្ម័គ្រចិត្តដែល ធ្វើការ សម្រាប់ធ្វើ ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយអំពីច្បាប់ និងព័តមាន ដែលទាក់ទងនឹងការអភិវឌ្ឍ និងស្ថានភាព សិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅកម្ពុជា។ រាល់មតិ យោបល់នៅក្នុងព្រឹត្តនេះមិនអាចយកទៅធើ្វជាអំណះ អំណាង ចំពោះមុខ តុលាការ រឺក្នុងគោលបំណងអ្វីផ្សេងទៀតឡើយ។ ព ច ក គ្រាន់ផ្តល់ នូវចំណេះដឹងច្បាប់ និងចំណេះដឹងផ្សេងៗទៀតដល់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឌប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ ប្រសិនលោក អ្នកចង់ដឹងព័តមានបន្ថែមអំពី ព ច ក សូមផ្ញើអីម៉ែលមកយើងខ្ញុំ។ យើងខ្ញុំសូមស្វាគមន៌រាល់មតិលំអដល់ ព ច ក៕</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-32350384017827169422014-10-07T15:25:00.003+07:002014-10-08T11:36:41.507+07:00ច្បាប់ ស្ដីពី ការរៀបចំ និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃ ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; line-height: 107%;">ព្រះរាជក្រម</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; line-height: 107%;">លេខ នស/រកម/០៧១៤/០១៧</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; line-height: 107%;">ច្បាប់ស្ដីពី</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; line-height: 107%;">ការរៀបចំ និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃ</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; line-height: 107%;">ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម</span><br /><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; line-height: 107%;">ចុះថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែកក្កដា</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; line-height: 107%;">ឆ្នាំ២០១៤</span></span></h2>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ព្រះរាជក្រម</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> <span lang="KHM">យើង</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ព្រះករុណាព្រះបាទសម្ដេចព្រះបរមនាថ នរោត្ដម សីហមុនី</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">សមានភូមិជាតិសាសនា រក្ខតខត្ដិយា ខេមរារដ្ឋរាស្រ្ដ
ពុទ្ធិន្ទ្រាធរាមហាក្សត្រ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ខេមរាជនា សមូហោភាស កម្ពុជា ករាជរដ្ឋបូរណសន្ដិ សុភមង្គលា
សិរីវិបុលា</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ខេមរាស្រីពិរាស្រ្ដ ព្រះចៅក្រុងកម្ពុជាធិបតី</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">បានទ្រង់យល់រដ្ឋធម្មនុញនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">បានទ្រង់យល់ព្រះរាជក្រឹត្យលេខ
នស/រកត/០៩១៣/៩០៣ ចុះថ្ងៃទី២៤ ខែកញ្ញា ឆ្នាំ២០១៣<br />
ស្ដីពីការតែងតាំងរាជរដ្ឋាភិបាលនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">បានទ្រង់យល់ព្រះរាជក្រមលេខ
០២/នស/៩៥ ចុះថ្ងៃទី២០ ខែកក្ដដា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤
ដែលប្រកាសឲ្យប្រើច្បាប់ស្ដីពីការរៀបចំ និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃគណះរដ្ឋមន្រី្ដ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">បានទ្រង់យល់ព្រះរាជក្រមលេខ
ជស/រកម/០៤៩៨/០៦ ចុះថ្ងៃទី ២០ ខែមេសា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩៨ ប្រកាសឲ្យប្រើច្បាប់ស្ដីពីការរៀបចំ
និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃក្រុមប្រឹក្សាធម្មនុញ្ញ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">បានទ្រង់យល់ព្រះរាជក្រមលេខ
នស/រកម/០១០៧/០០៥ ចុះថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០០៧
ប្រកាសឲ្យប្រើច្បាប់ស្ដីពីវិសោធនកម្មច្បាប់ ស្ដីពីការរៀបចំ និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃក្រុមប្រឹក្សាធម្មនុញ្ញ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">បានទ្រង់យល់ព្រះរាជក្រមលេខ
នស/រកម/០១៩៦/០៤ ចុះថ្ងៃទី២៣ ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩៦
ដែលប្រកាសឲ្យប្រើច្បាប់ស្ដីពីការបង្កើតក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">បានទ្រង់យល់សេចក្ដីក្រាបបង្គំទូលថ្វាយរបស់សម្ដេចអគ្គមហាសេនាបតីតេជោ
ហ៊ុន សែន នាយករដ្ឋមន្រ្ដីនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ប្រកាសឲ្យប្រើ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ច្បាប់ស្ដីពីការរៀបចំនិងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ដែលរដ្ឋសភាបានអនុម័ត កាលពីថ្ងៃទី២៣ ខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ២០១៤ នាសម័យប្រជុំរដ្ឋសភាលើកទី២
នីតិកាលទី៥ ហើយដែលព្រឹទ្ធសភាបានពិនិត្យចប់សព្វគ្រប់លើទម្រង់
និងគតិច្បាប់នេះទាំងស្រុង កាលពីថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០១៤ នាសម័យប្រជុំលើកទី ៥
និតិកាលទី៣
ព្រមទាំងត្រូវបានក្រុមប្រឹក្សាធម្មនុញ្ញប្រកាសថាស្របតាមនឹងរដ្ឋធម្មនុញក្នុងសេចក្ដីសម្រេចលេខ១៤៨/០០២/២០១៤
កបធ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">.</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ច ចុះថ្ងៃទី០២
ខែកក្ដដា ឆ្នាំ២០១៤ ហើយដែលមានសេចក្ដីទាំងស្រុងដូចតទៅ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ច្បាប់</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ស្ដីពី</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ការរៀបចំ និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ជំពូកទី ១</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">បទប្បញ្ញិតទូទៅ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> </span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ច្បាប់នេះមានគោលដៅបង្កើត និងកំណត់អំពីការរៀបចំ
និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ក្នុងគោលបំណងជួយព្រះមហាក្សត្រ ដើម្បីធានា ករាជ្យនៃអំណាច តុលាការស្របតាមរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា
។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ច្បាប់នេះ
មានវិសាលភាពអនុវត្ដទៅលើចៅក្រមនិង ព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ទូទាំងព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា
លើកលែងតែមានច្បាប់ដោយឡែកកំណត់ផ្សេងពីនេះ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ៣ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> វាក្យស័ព្ទបច្ចេកទេសដែលប្រើក្នុងច្បាប់នេះ
មានន័យដូចខាងក្រោម </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: -16.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ចៅក្រម សំដៅដល់ចៅក្រមអាសនះ រួមមានជាអាទិ៍ ចៅក្រមជំនុំជម្រះក្ដី
និងចៅក្រមសើបសួរ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: -16.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា សំដៅដល់ព្រះរាជអាជ្ញារង ព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា
អគ្គព្រះរាជអាជ្ញារង និងអគ្គព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: -16.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">អង្គចៅក្រម សំដៅដល់ចៅក្រមនិងព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ជំពូកទី ២</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ការរៀបចំឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ផ្នែកទី ១</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">សមាសភាពឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ៤</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមស្ថិតក្រោមព្រះរាជាធិបតីភាពនៃព្រះមហាក្សត្រ
និងរួមមានសមាសភាពដូចខាងក្រោម </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ១-រដ្ឋមន្រ្ដីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ ជាសមាជិក</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ២-ប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល ជាសមាជិក</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ៣-អគ្គព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាអមតុលាការកំពូល ជាសមាជិក</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ៤-សមាជិក
០១(មួយ) រូប ជ្រើសតាំងដោយព្រឹទ្ធសភា តាមមតិភាគច្រើនដាចខាតនៃ
សមាជិកព្រឹទ្ធសភាទាំងមូល ក្នុងចំណោមឥស្សរជនជាអតីតចៅក្រម ឬអតីតព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា
ឬឥស្សរជន</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ដែលមានបទពិសោធន៍ការងារ យ៉ាងតិច ១៥ឆ្នាំ ឡើងទៅ
ក្នុងវិស័យច្បាប់ ឬតុលាការ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ៥-សមាជិក
០១(មួយ) រូប ជ្រើសតាំងដោយរដ្ឋសភា តាមមតិភាគច្រើនដាច់ខាតនៃ សមាជិករដ្ឋសភាទាំងមូល
ក្នុងចំណោមឥស្សរជនជាអតីតចៅក្រម ឬអតីតព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ឬឥស្សរជន</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -16.65pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ដែលមានបទពិសោធន៍ការងារ យ៉ាងតិច ១៥ឆ្នាំ ឡើងទៅ
ក្នុងវិស័យច្បាប់ ឬតុលាការ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ៦-សមាជិក
០១(មួយ) រូប ជ្រើសតាំងដោយក្រុមប្រឹក្សាធម្មនុញ្ញ
តាមមតិភាគច្រើនដាច់ខាតនៃសមាជិករដ្ឋសភាទាំងមូលក្នុងចំណោមឥស្សរជនជាអតីតចៅក្រម
ឬអតីតព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ឬឥស្សរជនដែលមានបទពិសោធន៍ការងារ យ៉ាងតិច ១៥ឆ្នាំ ឡើងទៅ
ក្នុងវិស័យច្បាប់ ឬតុលាការ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ៧-សមាជិក
០១(មួយ) រូប ជ្រើសតាំងដោយរដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ ក្នុងចំណោម
ព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាពេញសិទិ្ធទាំងអស់</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ៨-សមាជិក
០១(មួយ) រូប ជាចៅក្រមនៃសាលាជម្រះជាន់ខ្ពស់ ជ្រើសតាំងតាមការ
បោះឆ្នោតដោយចៅក្រមនៃសាលាជម្រះក្ដីជាន់ខ្ពស់ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ៩-សមាជិក
០១(មួយ) រូប ជាព្រះរាជអាជ្ញានៃមហាអយ្យការអមសាលាជម្រះក្ដីជាន់ខ្ពស់ ឬ
ព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាបំរើការងារនៅក្រសួងយុតិ្ដធម៍ ជ្រើសតាំងតាម ការបោះឆ្នោតដោយ
ព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាបម្រើការងារនៅមហាអយ្យការអមសាលាជម្រះក្ដីជាន់ខ្ពស់
និងនៅក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ១០-សមាជិក
០១(មួយ) រូប ចៅក្រមពេញសិទិ្ធនៃសាលាដំបូង
ជ្រើសតាំងតាមការបោះឆ្នោតដោយចៅក្រមពេញសិទិ្ធនៃសាលាដំបូងទូទាំងប្រទេស </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ១១-សមាជិក
០១(មួយ) រូប
ជាព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាពេញសិទ្ធិនៃអយ្យការអមសាលាដំបូងជ្រើសតាំងតាមការបោះឆ្នោតដោយព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាពេញសិទ្ធិនៃអយ្យការអមសាលាដំបូងទូទាំងប្រទេស
។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> សមាជិកឧត្ដមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមទាំងអស់ខាងលើ
ត្រូវតែងតាំងដោយព្រះរាជក្រឹត្យ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍លើកសេចក្ដីព្រាងព្រះរាជក្រឹត្យថ្វាយព្រះមហាក្សត្រចំពោះកិច្ចការនេះ
។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> បែបបទ
និងនីតិវិធីនៃការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសតាំងសមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមដូចមានក្នុងចំណុចទី
៨ ដល់ចំណុចទី ១១ នៃមាត្រានេះ ត្រូវបានកំណត់ដោយប្រកាសរបស់រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍
បន្ទាប់ពីទទួលបានការឯកភាពពីសមាជិកភាគច្រើននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ៥ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> សមាជិកជ្រើសតាំងនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
មានអាណត្ដិ ០៥ (ប្រាំ) ឆ្នាំ ហើយត្រូវ បញ្ចប់នៅពេលសមាជិកជ្រើសតាំងថ្មីត្រូវបានតែងតាំង
។ សមាជិកជ្រើសតាំងនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម អាចឈរឈ្មោះជាថ្មីសម្រាប់អាណត្ដិបន្ដបន្ទាប់ទៀតបាន
។ ការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសតាំងសមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រុម
ត្រូវចាប់ផ្ដើមរៀបចំរយះពេល ៩០ (កៅសិប) ថ្ងៃ មុនពេលបញ្ចប់អាណត្ដិ នីមួយៗ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ក្នុងករណីដែលសមាជិកណាម្នាក់នៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ទទួលមរណភាព លាលែង ចេញពីតំណែង ឬបាត់បង់លក្ខណសម្បត្ដិដូចមានកំណត់ក្នុងមាត្រា ៤
ខាងលើ ឬស្ថិតក្នុងស្ថានភាពមិន អាចបំពេញមុខងាររបស់ខ្លួនបានដោយប្រការណាមួយ
សមាជិកនេះត្រូវជំនួសដោយសមាជិកថ្មីសម្រាប់ ថិរវេលាដែលនៅសល់សម្រាប់អាណត្ដិននោះ
តាមបែបបទ ដូចមានចែងក្នុងមាត្រា ៤ ខាងលើនេះ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិត្រូវរៀបចំចាត់ចែងកិច្ចការនេះជាបន្ទាន់
។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
អាចសម្រេចដកតំណែងសមាជិកជ្រើលតាំងណាម្នាក់របស់ខ្លួនបានដោយ មូលហេតុនៃការរំលោភបំពានធ្ងន់ធ្ងរលើបទបញ្ជាផ្ទៃក្នុងរបស់ខ្លួន
ឬការធ្វើសកម្មភាពនានា ដែលនាំឲ្យប៉ះពាល់ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរដល់កិត្ដិយស
និងសេចក្ដីថ្លៃថ្នូររបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។ ការ សម្រេចដក
សមាជិកជ្រើសតាំងរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមណាម្នាក់ តម្រូវឲ្យមានការយល់ ព្រមពីសមាជិកចំនួនយ៉ាងតិច
០៨ (ប្រាំបី) រូប នៃចំនួនសមាជិកទាំងមួយ ។ សមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សា
នៃអង្គចៅក្រមដែលត្រូវបានតុលាការផ្ដន្ទាទោសដាក់ពន្ធនាគារ
ដោយគ្នានការព្យួរទោសពី បទឧក្រិដ្ឋ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ឬបទមជ្ឈិមដែលប្រព្រឹត្ដដោយចេតនា
ត្រូវដកចេញពីមុខដំណែងដោយស្វ័យប្រវត្ដិ ។ សមាជិកថ្មីដែល</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ត្រូវចូលកាន់តំណែងជំនួស
ត្រូវអនុវត្ដតាមបទប្បញ្ញាត្ដិនៃច្បាប់នេះ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ៦</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> មុខងារជាសមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
មានវិសមិតភាពជាមួយនឹងការបំពេញ មុខ ងារជាចៅក្រម ឬព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា នៅតាមសាលាជម្រះក្ដី
និងអង្គការអយ្យការអមសាលាជម្រះក្ដី នៅក្នុង អាណត្ដិរបស់ខ្លួនជា សមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
លើកលែងតែ ប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល
និងអគ្គព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាអមតុលាការកំពូល ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> សមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមដែលមានវិសមតិភាពមុខងារ
ដូចមានចែងក្នុង កថា</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ខណ្ឌខាងលើ ត្រូវស្នើសុំផ្ដាច់ពីមុខងារជាចៅក្រម
ឬព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា នៅតាមសាលាជម្រះក្ដី និងអង្គការ អយ្យការអមសាលាជម្រះក្ដី ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ៧ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ព្រះប្រធាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ទ្រង់អាចចាត់តាំងព្រះរាជតំណែងម្នាក់របស់ព្រះអង្គ
ឲ្យធ្វើជាអធិបតីនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមបាន ។
ព្រះរាជតំណែងដែលទទួលបានកាតចាត់ តាំង ដឹកនាំ និងចាត់ចែងការងាររបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ត្រូវរាយការណ៍ឲ្យបានទៀងទាត់ អំពីសកម្មភាពរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមថ្វាយ
ព្រះប្រធាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ព្រះរាជតំណែងមិនចូលរួមក្នុងការធ្វើសេចក្ដីសម្រេច របស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ឡើយ ។ ប៉ុន្ដែ
ក្នុងករណីដែលរដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ ឬប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល ត្រូវបានចាត់តាំងជា</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ព្រះរាជតំណាង រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍
ឬប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល មានសិទ្ធិចូលរួមធ្វើសេចក្ដីសម្រេច </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">របស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ដូចសមាជិកដទៃទៀតដែរ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ផ្នែកទី
២</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">អគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"></span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ៨ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
មានអគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋានមួយស្ថិតនៅក្រោមរដ្ឋបាលកណ្ដាលនៃ ក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍
ដើម្បីធ្វើជាសេនាធីការសម្រាប់គាំទ្រដល់កិច្ចតំណើរការរបស់ខ្លួន
។អគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាន</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">នៃ ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ដឹកនាំដោយអគ្គលេខាធិការមួយរូប
មានឋានះស្នើររដ្ឋលេខាធិការ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ឬរដ្ឋមន្ដ្រី និងមានអគ្គលេខាធិការរងមួយចំនួនតាមការចាំបាច់
ដែលត្រូវតែងតាំងដោយព្រះរាជក្រឹត្យ ឬ អនុក្រឹត្យ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> អគ្គលេខាធិការ
និងអគ្គលេខាធិការរងនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ត្រូវតែងតាំងដោយព្រះ
រាជក្រឹត្យ ឬអនុក្រឹត្យ តាមសំណើររបស់រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ បន្ទាប់ពីបានពិគ្រោះយោបល់ជាមួយ
សមាជិកទាំងអស់នៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។ អគ្គលេខាធិការ និងអគ្គលេខារងនៃឧត្ដមក្រុម</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ត្រូវជ្រើសរើសចេញពីឥស្សរជន
ឬមន្ដ្រីរាជការ និងត្រូវមានបទពិសោធន៍បម្រើការ ងារក្នុងជំនាញច្បាប់ រដ្ឋបាល
ឬហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ យ៉ាងតិចចំនួន ១០(ដប់) ឆ្នាំ ។
មន្រ្ដីរាជការបម្រើការងារក្នុង
អគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ត្រូវមានក្របខណ្ឌរបស់ខ្លួននៅក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍
។អគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមអាចមានមន្ដ្រីជាប់កិច្ចសន្យា
ដើម្បីជួយការងារ របស់ខ្លួនតាមការចាំបាច់ ។
អគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមបែងចែកជា នាយក ដ្ឋាន ដែលដឹកនាំដោយប្រធាន ០១ (មួយ) រូប
និងអនុប្រធានមួយចំនួនតាមការចាំបាច់ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ការរៀបចំ
និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃអគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវកំណត់
ដោយអនុក្រឹត្យ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ៩ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> អគ្គលេខាធិការនៃអគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននៃ
ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
អមដោយមន្ដ្រីមួយ ចំនួននៃអគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននេះ តាមការចាំបាច់ ជាលេខាកត់ត្រាសម្រាប់រាល់កិច្ចប្រជុំរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុម
ប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
និងកិច្ចប្រជុំរបស់ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ជំពូកទី
៣</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">កិច្ចដំណើរការនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១០ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍កោះប្រជុំឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
តាមព្រះរាជបញ្ជានៃព្រះប្រធាន នៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។
សមាជិកនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមចំនួន ០៤ (បួន)រូបយ៉ាង តិច
អាចស្នើរឲ្យមានកិច្ចប្រជុំរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមបាន ។ រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ត្រួវ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">រៀបចំទូលថ្វាយព្រះប្រធាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ស្នើរសុំព្រះរាជតម្រិះដើម្បីកោះប្រជុំ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១១ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ការប្រជុំរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមនឹងទុកជាបានការ
លុះត្រាតែមានសមាជិកចូលរួម </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ប្រជុំចំនួន០៦ (ប្រាំមួយ) រូប យ៉ាងតិច ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ការសម្រេចរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមដែលយកជាការបាន
ត្រូវមានសំឡេងយ៉ាងតិច ០៦(ប្រាំមួយ) សំឡេង តាមការបោះឆ្នោតជាសម្ងាត់
។ព្រះប្រធាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមមិន
ចូលរួមក្នុងការធ្វើសេចក្ដីសម្រេចរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមឡើយ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ក្នុងករណីបន្ទាន់ចាំបាច់
និងតាមសំណើររបស់សមាជិកចំនួន ០៦ (ប្រាំមួយ) យ៉ាងតិចនៃឧត្ដម
ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ការសម្រេចរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
អាចធ្វើឡើងបានតាមរយះ ការបោះឆ្នោតជាសម្ងាត់ ដោយប្រយោលបាន ។
រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ត្រូវរៀបចំកិច្ចការនេះបន្ទាប់ពី </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ទទួលបានព្រះរាជតម្រិះពីព្រះប្រធាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១២</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"></span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> សមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
រួមទាំងលេខាកត់ត្រា និងអ្នកអមលេខាកត់ត្រាត្រូវរក្សាការសម្ងាត់នៃកិច្ចប្រជុំ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១៣ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> រាល់កិច្ចការរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ទាក់ទងនឹងការលើកសេចក្ដីព្រាងព្រះរាជក្រឹត្យ ថ្វាយព្រះមហាក្សត្រ
រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ត្រូវរៀបចំការនេះក្នុងនាមឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">រដ្ឋមន្រ្ដីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍
គឺជាតំណាងឲ្យឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមនៅក្នុងទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយបុគ្គល ឯកជន
ឬបុគ្គលសាធារណះនានា
និងមានភារកិច្ចចាត់ចែងកិច្ចការរដ្ឋបាលរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គ ចៅក្រម
ដោយមានអគ្គលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមជាសេនាធិការ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១៤ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវរៀបចំឲ្យមានបទបញ្ជាផ្ទៃក្នុង
ដើម្បីកំណត់អំពីរបៀបរបប ការងាររបស់ខ្លួន ។
បទបញ្ជាផ្ទៃក្នុងត្រូវមានសំឡេងអនុម័តយ៉ាងតិច ០៦ (ប្រាំមួយ) សំឡេង នៃចំនួន
សមាជិកទាំងអស់នៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១៥ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមមានកញ្ចាប់ថវិការបស់ខ្លួន
ដែលផ្គត់ផ្គងដោយថវិកាជាតិ ។ រដ្ឋ
មន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ជាអាណាប័កទទួលសិទិ្ធដោយពេញច្បាប់
ពីព្រះប្រធាននៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គ ចៅក្រម ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១៦ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវទទួលប្រាក់បំណាច់មុខងារ
ប្រាក់បំណាច់ម៉ោងប្រជុំ និងរបប ឧបត្ថម្ភនានាសម្រាប់ការបំពេញមុខងាររបស់ខ្លួន ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> សមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមអាចជ្រើសរើសប្រាក់បំណាច់មុខងារតែមួយគត់
ក្នុងចំណោមបា្រក់បំណាច់មុខងារដែលខ្លួនមានសិទិ្ធទទួល ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១៧</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមប្រើប្រាស់ត្រារបស់ខ្លួន
នៅក្នុងការបំពេញការងារ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ជំពូកទី
៤ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">សមត្ថកិច្ចរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ផ្នែកទី
១</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">សមត្ថកិច្ចទូទៅរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១៨ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមសម្រេច
និងលើកសេចក្ដីស្នើថ្វាយព្រះមហាក្សត្រអំពីការតែងតាំង ការផ្លាស់ប្ដូរ ការផ្ដាច់ពីមុខងារ
ការដាក់ឲ្យនៅក្រៅក្របខ័ណ្ឌ ការដាក់ឲ្យនៅទំនេរ និងការលុបឈ្មោះចៅ ក្រមទាំងអស់ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
លើកសេចក្ដីស្នើថ្វាយព្រះមហាក្សត្រអំពីការតែងតាំង ការផ្លាស់ ប្ដូរ
ការផ្ដាច់ពីមុខងារ ការដាក់ឲ្យនៅទំនេរ ការដាក់ឲ្យនៅក្រៅក្របខណ្ឌ
និងការលុបឈ្មោះព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ទាំងអស់ តាមសំណើររបស់រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ ។ ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវបានពិគ្រោះ យោបល់ជាចាំបាច់ចំពោះសំណើរខាងលើ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមផ្ដល់យោបល់ចំពោះការដំឡើងថ្នាក់
និងការដំឡើងឋានន្ដរស័ក្ដិ ឲ្យចៅក្រម
និងព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាទាំងអស់ តាមបែបបទ
និងលក្ខខណ្ឌដែលមានចែងក្នុងច្បាប់ស្ដីពីលក្ខន្ខិកះ នៃចៅក្រម និង ព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ១៩ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវពិគ្រោះមតិជាចំាបាច់
ដើម្បីផ្ដល់យោបល់លើសេចក្ដីស្នើរច្បាប់ ឬសេចក្ដីព្រាងច្បាប់
ដែលទាក់ទងដល់ការរៀបចំវិស័យតុលាការ និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃវិស័យនេះ ។ យោបល់របស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវផ្ដល់យ៉ាងយូរ
ក្នុងរយះពេល ៣០ (សាមសិប) ថ្ងៃគិតពី ថ្ងៃដែលទទួលសេចក្ដីស្នើច្បាប់
ឬសេចក្ដីព្រាងច្បាប់ ពីរដ្ឋមន្រ្ដីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ ។ ក្នុងករណីប្រញាប់រយះ
ពេលនេះអាចបន្ថយមកត្រឹម ១០(ដប់) ថ្ងៃ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមពិនិត្យ
និងសម្រេចលើក្រមសីលធម៍ចៅក្រម និងព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ផ្នែកទី
២</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">សមត្ថកិច្ចរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ក្នុងមុខការដាក់វិន័យ
និងព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២០ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ក្នុងការដាក់វិន័យចំពោះចៅក្រម
ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវប្រជុំក្រោមរូបភាពជាក្រុម
ប្រឹក្សាវិន័យក្រោមអធិបតីភាពតុលាការកំពូល ។ ក្នុងមុខការដាក់វិន័យព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃ
<br />
អង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវប្រជុំក្រោមរូបភាពជាក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ ក្រោមអធិបតីភាពនៃអគ្គព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាអមតុលាការ
កំពូល ។ ក្នុងករណីទាំងនេះព្រះមហាក្សត្រ
និងរដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍មិនចូលរួមក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យទេ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ក្នុងករណីសំណុំរឿងទាក់ទងនឹងប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល
ឬអគ្គព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាអមតុលាការកំពូល
ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យត្រូវប្រជុំក្រោមព្រះរាជធិបតីភាពនៃព្រះមហាក្សត្រ ឬព្រះរាជតំណាង
។ រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួង យុត្ដិត្រូវចូលរួមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យទេ ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ចៅក្រម
ឬព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាដែលជាសមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ហើយដែលមានសំណុំ
រឿងវិន័យពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងខ្លួន
មិនអាចចូលរួមប្រជុំក្នុងឋានះជាសមាជិកក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សា
នៃអង្គចៅក្រម ដើម្បីពិនិត្យ និងសម្រេចលើសំណុំរឿងនោះបានឡើយ ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២១ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ត្រូវបង្កើតឲ្យមានក្រុមអធិការកិច្ចនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ដើម្បីជួយការងាររបស់ក្រុម ប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ក្នុងការស៊ើបអង្កេត និងស្រាវជ្រាវ សំណុំរឿងវិន័យ ។
សមាសភាពនៃក្រុមអធិការកិច្ចនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវតែងតាំងដោយព្រះរាជក្រឹត្យបន្ទាប់
ពីបានទទួលការសម្រេចតាមមតិភាគច្រើននៃសមាជិករបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។
ក្រុមអធិការកិច្ចនេះដឹកនាំដោយសហប្រធាន ដែលសហប្រធាន ០១ (មួយ) រូប ទៀតត្រូវជ្រើសរើសក្នុងចំណោមព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា
ដែលមានឋានន្ដរស័ក្ដិជាឧត្ដមព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> មុខងារលម្អិត ព្រមទាំងការរៀបចំ
និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃក្រុមអធិការកិច្ចនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គ
ចៅក្រមត្រូវកំណត់ដោយក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២២</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ក្រុមអធិការកិច្ច
បំពេញការងារតាមការចាត់តាំងរបស់ប្រធានក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សា
នៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។ ក្នុងក្របខណ្ឌនៃការបំពេញការងាររបស់ខ្លួន
ក្រុមអធិការកិច្ចអាចស្នើសុំពិនិត្យសំណុំ រឿងនានា
ដែលមានការពាក់ព័ន្ធនិងសំណុំរឿងវិន័យ ឬមានប្រយោជន៍ដល់សំណុំរឿងវិន័យ ។ ក្នុងករណី
ចាំបាច់ ក្រុមអធិការកិច្ច អាចស្នើសុំការបំភ្លឺពីគ្រប់បុគ្គលនានាបាន ។ ចៅក្រម
និងព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាដែលមិន ផ្ដល់កិច្ចសហការតាមការស្នើសុំរបស់ក្រុមអធិការកិច្ច
ត្រូវចាត់ទុកជាកំហុសវិន័យដែលត្រូវកត់ត្រាចូលក្នុងកំណត់ហេតុអធិការកិច្ច ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២៤</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> បន្ទាប់ពីទទួលសំណុំរឿងវិន័យ
និងប្រសិនបើយល់ឃើញថា ជាការចំាបាច់ប្រធានក្រុមប្រឹក្សា វិន័យ
អាចចាត់ឲ្យមានការស្រាវជ្រាវបន្ថែម
ដោយប្រើយន្ដការក្រុមអធិការកិច្ចនៃក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -21.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២៥</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ប្រធានក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ
កោះប្រជុំក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។ សំណុំរឿងវិន័យ
ព្រមទាំងសំណុំរឿងឯកសាពាក់ព័ន្ធនិងវិន័យរបស់ចៅក្រម និងព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា
ត្រូវផ្ញើរជូនទៅ សមាជិកទាំងអស់នៃក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យយ៉ាងតិច ១០ (ដប់) ថ្ងៃ
មុនថ្ងៃប្រជុំ ។ ចៅក្រម ឬព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាដែលជាប់ពាក់ព័ន្ធនិងសំណុំរឿងវិន័យនេះ
មានសិទ្ធិដឹងអំពីបទវិន័យដែលចោទប្រកាន់លើខ្លួន និងមានសិទ្ធិការពារខ្លួនដោយខ្លួនឯង
ឬដោយមានជំនួយពីមេធាវីនៅចំពោះមុខក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ
នៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ការប្រជុំរបស់ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យត្រូវធ្វើឡើងជាអសាធារណះ
។ ប្រធានក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ
អាចអញ្ចើញបុគ្គលពាក់ព័ន្ធនានាឲ្យចូលរួមក្នុងការប្រជុំរបស់ខ្លួនបាន
បើយល់ឃើញថាជាការចំាបាច់ ។ សមាជិក ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ព្រមទាំងបុគ្គលដែលចូលរួមប្រជុំក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមត្រូវរក្សាការសម្ងាត់នៃអង្គប្រជុំ
។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> កូរ៉ុមប្រជុំក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ
ត្រូវអនុវត្ដដូចគ្នានឹងកូរ៉ុមប្រជុំរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមដូចមានចែងក្នុងមាត្រា
១១ នៃច្បាប់នេះ ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> នីតិវិធីលំអិតសម្រាប់កិច្ចដំណើរការនៃក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ
ត្រូវកំណត់ក្នុងបទបញ្ជាផ្ទៃក្នុងរបស់ក្រុម
ប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២៦ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ក្នុងករណីរកឃើញកំហុស
ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមសម្រេចដាក់ទណ្ឌកម្មវិន័យ
ដូចមានចែងក្នុងច្បាប់ស្ដីពីលក្ខន្ដិកនៃចៅក្រម និងព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា ។ សេចក្ដីសម្រេចរបស់ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ
ត្រូវមានសំអាងហេតុ និងសំអាងច្បាប់ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ការសម្រេចរបស់ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ
ត្រូវអនុវត្ដដូចគ្នានឹងការសម្រេចរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមដូចមានចែងក្នុងមាត្រា
១១ នៃច្បាប់នេះ ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> សេចក្ដីសម្រេចរបស់ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យ
ត្រូវដាក់ជូនឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមដើម្បីពិនិត្យ និងសម្រេច ។
សេចក្ដីសម្រេចរបស់ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ជាសេចក្ដីសម្រេចបិទផ្លូវតវ៉ា ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ក្នុងករណីដែលទណ្ឌកម្មវិន័យថ្នាក់ទី ២
ត្រូវបានប្រកាស ឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមលើក
</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">សេចក្ដីស្នើថ្វាយព្រះមហាក្សត្រអំពីកិច្ចការនេះ
។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ជំពូកទី
៥ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">អន្ដរប្បញាតិ្ដ
</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២៧ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> សម្រាប់អំឡុងពេលនៃការរៀបចំសមាសភាពថ្មីនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ដូចមានចែងក្នុងមាត្រា ៤ នៃច្បាប់នេះ
សមាសភាពនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រមដែលមានមុនច្បាប់នេះចូលជា ធរមាន ត្រូវបន្ដការងាររបស់ខ្លួន
ដោយអនុលោមតាមបទប្បញ្ញាតិ្ដនៃច្បាប់នេះ រហូតដល់ពេលដែល សមាសភាពថ្មីត្រូវមាត្រា ៦
នៃច្បាប់នេះមិនត្រូវយកមកអនុវត្ដឡើយ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២៨</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> រដ្ឋមន្រ្ដីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍
ត្រូវរៀបចំឲ្យមានការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសតាំងសមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ដូចមានចែងចាប់ពីចំនុចទី ៨ ដល់ចំនុចទី ១១ នៃមាត្រា ៤ នៃច្បាប់នេះក្នុងអំឡុងពេល
០៣(បី) ខែ បន្ទាប់ពីច្បាប់នេះចូលជាធរមាន ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> បែបបទ និងនីតិវិធីនៃការបោះឆ្នោតលើកទី ១
សម្រាប់ការជ្រើសតាំងសមាជិកឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
ដូចមានចែងក្នុងកថាខណ្ឌទី ៣ នៃមាត្រា ៤ នៃច្បាប់នេះ
ត្រូវកំណត់ដោយប្រកាសរបស់រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងយុត្ដិធម៍ ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ២៩ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> សម្រាប់អំឡុងពេលដែលក្រុមអធិការកិច្ចនៃក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សា
នៃអង្គចៅក្រមពុំទាន់ត្រូវបានតែងតាំងតាមបញ្ញាត្ដិនៃមាត្រា ២១
នៃច្បាប់នេះប្រធានក្រុមប្រឹក្សាវិន័យនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម
អាចចាត់ឲ្យចៅក្រម ឬព្រះរាជអាជ្ញាដែលបម្រើការងារនៅតាមសាលា ជម្រះក្ដីនិងតាមអយ្យការសាលាជម្រះក្ដី
ដើម្បីឲ្យចុះធ្វើការស្រាវជ្រាវ និងស៊ើបអង្កេតលើសំណុំរឿងវិន័យបាន ។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> បទប្បញ្ញត្ដិនៃមាត្រា ៦ នៃច្បាប់នេះ
មិនត្រូវយកមកអនុវត្ដឡើយ ចំពោះការបំពេញមុខងារជាចៅក្រម ឬព្រះរាជអាជ្ញា
នៅក្នុងអង្គជំនុំជម្រះវិសាមញ្ញក្នុងតុលាការកម្ពុជា
ដើម្បីកាត់សេចក្ដីឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្មដែលប្រព្រឹត្ដឡើងក្នុងរយះពេលកាលកម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ
។</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> ច្បាប់ស្ដីពីការរៀបចំ
និងការប្រព្រឹត្ដទៅនៃឧត្ដមក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃអង្គចៅក្រម ដែលត្រូវបានប្រកាស</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ឲ្យប្រើដោយព្រះរាជក្រមលេខ ០៩ ន</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">.</span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ស</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">.<span lang="KHM">៩៤</span></span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> </span><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ចុះថ្ងៃទី២២
ខែធ្នូ ឆ្នាំ ១៩៩៤ ព្រមទាំងលិខិតបទដ្ឋានគតិយុត្ដិដែលផ្ទុយពីនេះ </span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ជំពូកទី ៦</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">អវសានប្បញ្ញាត្ដិ</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">មាត្រា ៣១</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ទុកជានិរាករណ៍
ហើយត្រូវជំនួយដោយច្បាប់នេះ ។ </span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"></span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">នរោត្ដម សីហមុនី</span><span style="font-family: "Khmer OS Muol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><span lang="KHM" style="font-family: "Khmer OS Battambang"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">ធ្វើនៅព្រះបរមរាជវាំងថ្ងៃទី១៦
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ព្រឹតិ្តបត្រច្បាប់កម្ពុជា (ព ច ក)គឺជាក្រុមឯករាជ្យ និងមិនមែនជាបក្សនយោបាយ ទេ ជាក្រុមស្ម័គ្រចិត្តដែល ធ្វើការ សម្រាប់ធ្វើ ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយអំពីច្បាប់ និងព័តមាន ដែលទាក់ទងនឹងការអភិវឌ្ឍ និងស្ថានភាព សិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅកម្ពុជា។ រាល់មតិ យោបល់នៅក្នុងព្រឹត្តនេះមិនអាចយកទៅធើ្វជាអំណះ អំណាង ចំពោះមុខ តុលាការ រឺក្នុងគោលបំណងអ្វីផ្សេងទៀតឡើយ។ ព ច ក គ្រាន់ផ្តល់ នូវចំណេះដឹងច្បាប់ និងចំណេះដឹងផ្សេងៗទៀតដល់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឌប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ ប្រសិនលោក អ្នកចង់ដឹងព័តមានបន្ថែមអំពី ព ច ក សូមផ្ញើអីម៉ែលមកយើងខ្ញុំ។ យើងខ្ញុំសូមស្វាគមន៌រាល់មតិលំអដល់ ព ច ក៕</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-86574539648465736672014-05-02T10:21:00.003+07:002014-05-02T13:43:27.246+07:00Illegal Security Guards destroy Democratic in Cambodia <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Illegal Security Guards destroy Democratic in Cambodia </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">On July 28, 2013 was historical event in Cambodia which people braved to
fight for their freedom and they also had movement to protect their vote
through observation and monitoring the election process. Some villagers were
standing from the begging of open office of election process till counting
vote. The social media post many irregular voting processes by accusing that
the Vietnamese people had rights to vote but the Cambodian people banned them
to entrance to the office of election station. At the end of Election Day,
there was serous violence happening at Stung Meanchey bridge which people
accused the staff of National Election Committed (NEC) biased to rule party,
which called Cambodian People Party (CPP). At least a police van had been burnt
and many people got injure and arrested. The people who favored Cambodian
National Rescue Party (CNRP) were not happy with the election process and they
demanded the NEC to vote again. They started to protest on the street.
However, they were dispersed by the authorities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxyReb03fakUGl69xYfzl2dr1zfTqOGcCsSnCH9XajATUvqYGoBUhQSdCBp4waAfYhH4M9lUu4EqvE5pq2x' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><i>Source from facebook: the irregular voting process in Cambodia on July 28, 2013</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">At the night time of date day, the preliminary result of election had
been broadcast by National TV and other channel. It’s seen that the majority of
provinces were covered by CNRP. However, the final result had been announced
that CPP won 68 seats and CNRP had 55 seats. CNRP members were not happy with
the result and they started to provoke their members to do demonstration to
demand to re-election and counting again. They also demanded to reform and
change the member of NEC which was accused to favor to CPP. In December, the
people movement started increasing from day to day which made Hun Sen had got headache. The garment factory workers also started to demand the minimum wage
from $65 to $160 per month. Most of CNRP supporter are garment factories
workers and the poor who were suffered by land grabbing and force eviction
without paying suitable compensation. At the end of December 2013, more than
ten hundred thousand people were gathering and marching everyday and the
government started to ban some main road which arose people got anger because
they were difficult to access their home. The people were not happy with road
blockage and they moved barricade from the road which caused police to fire and
kill a man who travel along the road to his home after he left from work place.
He was shot on his head on the Kbal Knal sky bridge. The government leader started saying that the demonstrators
must attention with third arm person (it's might referred to another group will create
trouble thing against peaceful demonstration). Since then, the security guard
which wear helmet and mash staring fighting and beating the innocent demonstrators. </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Paratrooper No.911</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> started crackdown the hug factory worker movement at Yak
Jin and Canadia factory. As result, on
January 2 and 3, the military started gunning workers and killed at least 4
people and more than 30 people got minor and serious wound. The military also arrested 23 people but two men were released because of under age and not involving with the
protest. The Freedom Park was occupied
by hundred thousand of CNPR had been dispersed and destroyed the camp on
January 4. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ47YYK6IidomA_PzmCzbo5vVdqF-QMQ9_5_YcN0gWo7FYc7pjQwCAE42vH8pCBuR4Sp3Mkm5G5pQct3rpK9wAfxFdRku69-DLhxEn2CvZLQpLc3oKmyCrYbwckeljRiFX-wjzy-SM5eo/s1600/PPpost.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ47YYK6IidomA_PzmCzbo5vVdqF-QMQ9_5_YcN0gWo7FYc7pjQwCAE42vH8pCBuR4Sp3Mkm5G5pQct3rpK9wAfxFdRku69-DLhxEn2CvZLQpLc3oKmyCrYbwckeljRiFX-wjzy-SM5eo/s1600/PPpost.jpg" height="424" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<i><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source: Phnom Penh Post. The man who
supported by military, carried the iron pipe, hit Vorn Pov head during the
military crackdown the peaceful demonstration on January 2, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />The third arm persons are given privilege to fight and beat any persons who joined or stood nearby the peaceful
demonstration. Such security guard always carry baton and iron stick to fight
and beat the innocent persons. The guards are supported by police and local
authorities. They have rights to arrest and beat anyone on the streets who join in the
demonstration square. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">On May 1, 2014 Phnom Penh security guard beat innocent people who join the
peaceful demonstration. Frequently this group has special authority to kill
people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dws98Sdr_S70xtknxnnTya9Ra5aB9gbWwQ-gFifnT71qLveJxFafOPGDxAIQSiwdk4_Qk0HCGeyyQLlh5ctZQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Source from Social Facebook: Video the activity of Phnom Penh security guard beat </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">motorcyclist who attended a peaceful demonstration near Freedom Park on May 1, 2014 during the International Labor Day</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> .</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Why do security guards have right to fight and beaten people without
accusing illegal action? Do security guards have special provision to protect
their activities? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We will review some exist regulations to understand the role and
responsibilities of security guard: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Constitution</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">: It doesn’t say any which relate to security guard. However, the constitution
states general principles concerning to personal or individual security. Upon
the article 38 said “the law prohibits all physical abuse of any individual.
The law protects the life, honor and dignity of citizens. No person shall be
accused, arrested, or detained except in accordance with the law. The coercion,
physical ill-treatment or any other mistreatment which imposes additional
punishment on a detainee or prisoner is prohibited. Persons who commit,
participate in or conspire in such acts <b>shall be punished according to the
law</b>…” Article 32 (1) stipulated “</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Everybody shall have the rights to life, <u>freedom and
personal Security</u>”. It mean that no one can harm other one. </span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Article
37 “</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The rights to strike
and to organize peaceful demonstrations shall be implemented and exercised
within the framework of law.” </span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Law on Peaceful Demonstration in 2009:</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> It states clearly </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">assured freedom of expression of
Khmer citizens through peaceful assembly, but this right shall not be used
abusively affecting the rights, freedoms and honor of others, good customs of
the national society, public order and national security. The scope of implementation of this law
extends to all peaceful gatherings or marches for demonstration in the Kingdom
of Cambodia, but it shall not be applicable to: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 72.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Meetings or gatherings or marches during the electoral
campaign rallies; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 72.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Gatherings inside or outside, adjacent to the fence of
a factory or enterprise or other institution in regard to labor disputes, which
is covered by the labor law; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 72.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Parades, funeral processions and other gatherings for
the purposes of serving religion, art, culture, national customs and tradition,
and educational dissemination activities for social interests. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Upon the <b>Article 17 </b>“Competent authorities shall
take measures to protect the peaceful demonstration ensuring the security
safety and public order and shall not interfere with the conduct of the
peaceful assembly.” And <b>Article 19 </b>“<b><u>Competent
authorities</u></b> designated to maintain security, safety and public order at
venues of peaceful assembly shall <b><u>wear proper uniforms</u></b> and
display name plates and identity codes on the front parts of their uniforms and
<b><u>shall adhere to the attitude of absolute patience.<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Who is competent authorities? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The competent authority is referred to police and
gendarmerie officer (article 15) to protect and prevent any violence happening.
Out of these persons cannot be treated as competent authority. However, if any
crime is happening, any people can catch the suspect without need to display the
court warrant (article 87 “</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TTE13D66F0t00; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Arrest
of Offenders in Flagrant Felony or Misdemeanor Cases” of Criminal Code
Procedure)</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Do Security Guard as Civil Servant?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Upon the content of Law on General Status of Civil
Servant in 1994</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"> state clearly
that any one wants to be Civil Servant shall be selected through competition of
examination (article 11 and 14). However, this group doesn’t apply for this
item.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Criminal Code, 2009:</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Article 30 “<b>Definition
of Public Officials, Citizens Entrusted with Public Mandate through Elections” <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Public officials mean:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">persons who work in
legislative, <b><u>executive or judicial institutions who are appointed
by legal instruments either permanently or temporarily</u></b> with or
without remuneration regardless of their status or age;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">other persons who work in
public functions, including public agencies or public enterprises and
other public institutions that are stated in the laws of the Kingdom of
Cambodia.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Citizens who are entrusted with public mandate through elections ie
senators, members of National Assembly, commune/Sangkat councillors and
citizens who are entrusted with public mandate through elections to perform
other public functions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>If we look at the Code of Conduct for Enforcement Official which adopted
by UN General Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979</b>, explained that <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Article 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Law enforcement officials shall at all times fulfil the duty imposed
upon them by law, by serving the community and by protecting all persons
against illegal acts, consistent with the high degree of responsibility
required by their profession. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Commentary : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">( a ) The term "law enforcement officials", includes all
officers of the law, whether appointed or elected, who exercise police powers,
especially the powers of arrest or detention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">( b ) In countries where police powers are exercised by military authorities,
whether uniformed or not, or by State security forces, the definition of law
enforcement officials shall be regarded as including officers of such services.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">( c ) Service to the community is intended to include particularly the
rendition of services of assistance to those members of the community who by
reason of personal, economic, social or other emergencies are in need of
immediate aid. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">( d ) This provision is intended to cover not only all violent,
predatory and harmful acts, but extends to the full range of prohibitions under penal
statutes. It extends to conduct by persons not capable of incurring criminal
liability. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Article 5 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">No law enforcement official may inflict, instigate or tolerate any act
of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, nor
may any law enforcement official invoke superior orders or exceptional
circumstances such as a state of war or a threat of war, a threat to national
security, internal political instability or any other public emergency as a
justification of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Commentary : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">( a ) This prohibition derives from the Declaration on the Protection of
All Persons from Being <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, adopted by the General Assembly, according to which: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"[Such an act is] an offence to human dignity and shall be
condemned as a denial of the purposes of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">the Charter of the United Nations and as a violation of the human rights
and fundamental freedoms </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [and other
international human rights </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">instruments]."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">( b ) The Declaration defines torture as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">". . . torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering,
whether physical or mental, is <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">intentionally inflicted by or at the instigation of a public official on
a person for such purposes as </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">obtaining from him or a third person information or confession,
punishing him for an act he has </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating him or
other persons. It does not </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental
to, lawful sanctions to the extent </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">consistent with the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of
Prisoners."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">( c ) The term "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment" has not been defined by the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">General Assembly but should be interpreted so as to extend the widest
possible protection against abuses, whether physical or mental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In
conclusion, the current Security Guard are destroying the democratic in Cambodia. They violate the constitution and international laws. Upon the exist laws and regulations, the group of Security Guard don’t have any authority to fight,
kick or beat anyone during the peaceful demonstration. Furthermore, the persons who
initiated to create this group wanted Cambodia walk away from the
democratic arena. S/he has intention to commit the crime therefore according to
Article 28 of Criminal Code, s/he is instigator
of a felony or a misdemeanor. The person who is instigator Must be responsible the
crime happened. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In
addition, the Security Guard who commit crime also Must be punished by the
Criminal Code. They are penetrator article 25 of Criminal Code.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">.......................................................</span><br />
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ព្រឹតិ្តបត្រច្បាប់កម្ពុជា (ព ច ក)គឺជាក្រុមឯករាជ្យ និងមិនមែនជាបក្សនយោបាយ ទេ ជាក្រុមស្ម័គ្រចិត្តដែល ធ្វើការ សម្រាប់ធ្វើ ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយអំពីច្បាប់ និងព័តមាន ដែលទាក់ទងនឹងការអភិវឌ្ឍ និងស្ថានភាព សិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅកម្ពុជា។ រាល់មតិ យោបល់នៅក្នុងព្រឹត្តនេះមិនអាចយកទៅធើ្វជាអំណះ អំណាង ចំពោះមុខ តុលាការ រឺក្នុងគោលបំណងអ្វីផ្សេងទៀតឡើយ។ ព ច ក គ្រាន់ផ្តល់ នូវចំណេះដឹងច្បាប់ និងចំណេះដឹងផ្សេងៗទៀតដល់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឌប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ ប្រសិនលោក អ្នកចង់ដឹងព័តមានបន្ថែមអំពី ព ច ក សូមផ្ញើអីម៉ែលមកយើងខ្ញុំ។ យើងខ្ញុំសូមស្វាគមន៌រាល់មតិលំអដល់ ព ច ក៕</span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-80941701159387812362014-04-09T09:37:00.000+07:002014-04-09T09:38:52.869+07:00Cyber bill raises concerns<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a class="shadow-box-item" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/sites/default/files/styles/full-screen_watermarked/public/field/image/Computer-Law.jpg?itok=pUPOSbZC" rel="shadowbox" style="border: 0px; color: #01599d; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="An internet user reads political commentary on a website in Chamkarmon district. Scott Howes"><img alt="An internet user reads political commentary on a website in Chamkarmon district" src="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/sites/default/files/styles/two-col/public/field/image/Computer-Law.jpg?itok=NsVH395j" height="312" itemprop="contentURL" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" title="An internet user reads political commentary on a website in Chamkarmon district. Scott Howes" typeof="foaf:Image" width="546" /></a><br />
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An internet user reads political commentary on a website in Chamkarmon district.<a class="photographer" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/author/scott-howes/64851" style="border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="icomoon photo" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: icomoon_ppp; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span>Scott Howes</a></div>
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<span itemprop="name" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Source from Phnom Penh Post </span></h2>
<h2 style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 36px; margin: 9px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span itemprop="name" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Cyber bill raises concerns</span></h2>
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<div class="posted-date" style="float: left; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span itemprop="datePublished" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Wed, 9 April 2014</span></div>
<div class="byline" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/author/kevin-ponniah/20515" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #01599d; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span itemprop="name" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kevin Ponniah</span></a></span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 9px; padding: 0px;">
Cambodia's highly secretive draft law on cybercrime, which has never been released publicly, seeks to criminalise online content that “slanders or undermines” government agencies, ministries or officials or affects “political cohesiveness”, a copy obtained by the Post reveals.</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 9px; padding: 0px;">
The law, which was first announced in May 2012 to the trepidation of many netizens, is supposed to be passed this mandate. But the government has thus far ignored calls from civil society groups to release a draft for consultation.</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 9px; padding: 0px;">
Article 19, the London-based freedom-of-expression advocacy group that obtained an English-language version of the draft law, said that it falls “well below international standards” on freedom of expression, information and privacy, and if passed could see “Cambodia’s currently free online space [backsliding] into the country’s deep-seated culture of secrecy and self-censorship”.</div>
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Article 28 of the 16-page draft law, labelled “draft V.1” and developed by the Cybercrime Law Formulation Working Group of the Council of Ministers, stipulates offences related to online content and publications.</div>
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It proposes criminalising content that is deemed to “hinder the sovereignty and integrity” of Cambodia; publications that “incite or instigate the general population that could cause one or many to generate anarchism”; publications that “generate insecurity, instability, and [affect] political cohesiveness”; and any publication deemed “to be non-factual which slanders or [undermines] the integrity of any government agencies [or] ministries”.</div>
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All these offences are punishable with one to three years in prison and a fine of between two million and six million riel ($500 to $1,500), the draft law stipulates.</div>
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More than four million Cambodians were using the internet, including on mobile telephones, as of December 2013, according to government data, an increase from 2.7 million in late 2012.</div>
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“The Draft Cybercrime Law has been formulated behind closed doors for far too long. With a version of the Draft Law released, the authorities can no longer deflect the legitimate concerns of the national and international human rights community,” Thomas Hughes, Article 19’s executive director, said in a statement.</div>
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The provisions in Article 28 of the draft law, which also address “publications deemed damaging to the moral and cultural values of society”, need to be entirely removed, because they are “extremely vague and open to abuse”, the group said.</div>
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Council of Ministers spokesman Phay Siphan yesterday said he would not comment on an “unofficial document” in order to avoid “manipulating anything”.</div>
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“Once they pass it, after it’s been reviewed in the Council of Ministers and passed by the cabinet and then sent down to the National Assembly, then we can talk,” he said. “You remember this is an illegal document. So [we] don’t touch it until it comes up.… It is government property [and] it’s not official yet.… It’s a problem if people leaked this to you. It’s not supposed to be leaked to anyone.”</div>
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Siphan added, however, that a number of offences listed in the draft cyber law were based on existing offences in the criminal code.</div>
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When the law was announced in May 2012, Council of Ministers spokesman Ek Tha said it would be designed to “prevent any ill-willed people or bad-mood people from spreading false information [and] groundless information”.</div>
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Minister for Information Khieu Kanharith has stated several times, including in February, that despite social media being “complex” for the government to deal with, there were no plans to restrict access.</div>
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He did not respond to requests for comment yesterday.</div>
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Chem Sangva, director of the inspection department at the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, referred questions to Minister Prak Sokhon, who could not be reached.</div>
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The provisions in the draft law were “extremely worrying” for freedom of expression, Cambodian Center for Human Rights executive director Chak Sopheap said yesterday.</div>
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“It’s not hard to imagine how terms such as ‘political cohesiveness’ may be used to silence anyone who disagrees with the government and ruling party, and stand directly against the constitutional guarantees of free speech,” she said.</div>
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The draft law, if passed, would see the establishment of a National Anti-Cybercrime Committee, with senior officials from its general secretariat given judicial police powers to investigate and make arrests.</div>
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Given that the committee will predominantly be made up of high-ranking government officials, “the lack of adequate definitions and preciseness in the law is especially concerning”, Sopheap said.</div>
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Aside from online content, other offences listed in the draft law include child pornography, illegal access to systems – which encompasses hacking, data theft and espionage – and computer-related fraud.</div>
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The past year has seen a surge in cyberattacks in the Kingdom, with Anonymous Cambodia, the local chapter of the global “hacktivist” collective, defacing several government websites following the July election.</div>
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According to Article 19, some penalties under the draft cyber law are harsher than their criminal code equivalents.</div>
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“Offences conducted online should not carry heavier penalties than that of crimes conducted offline,” the group said in its statement.</div>
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It also notes that prosecutors are “granted extremely broad powers to order the preservation of computer data or traffic data” from internet service providers under the draft law, which is “very worrying given the intrusive nature of such measures and that prosecutors lack the independence necessary for the proper balancing of the various interests involved”.</div>
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Included in its provision for content deemed damaging to moral and cultural values, the draft cyber law states that any “drawings, pictorials, or pixilation that [are] deemed to slander or defame human beings or commoners of the state performing activities unbecoming, with animals of any species” are punishable with imprisonment and heavy fines.</div>
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“[Members of the government] are angry with [people who insult them online],” lawyer Sok Sam Oeun, head of the Cambodian Defenders Project, said.</div>
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“In our society, they don’t like mocking; you can see in the Press Law it’s also the same. We cannot use cartoons for example, so now, mostly people from outside [the country] do that.”</div>
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A number of overseas-based pro-opposition blogs and websites that often contain commentary ridiculing senior Cambodian People’s Party figures and lambasting political influence from Vietnam in derogatory terms have been occasionally targeted by the government in recent years.</div>
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Perhaps in line with this, the draft law stipulates clearly that its scope includes offences committed outside Cambodia that affect individuals within Cambodia and the “interests” of the Kingdom.</div>
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Prominent blogger and social media consultant Kounila Keo yesterday said the “sinister ambiguity of provisions” in the draft law relating to online content would “create a chilling effect for freedom of speech and expression” if they remain when the law passes.</div>
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“If there is any truth to the provisions that [I have seen], we are clearly heading on the path towards increasing government control over thought and speech,” she said.</div>
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ADDITIONAL REPORTING BY VONG SOKHENG</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-48493823326701849192014-01-08T11:08:00.000+07:002014-01-08T11:08:15.284+07:00Cambodia could be a headache for apparel companies in 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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By Andria Cheng</h3>
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Cambodia’s garment industry could be a headache for apparel companies this year.</div>
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After a deadly Cambodia government crackdown on garment-worker protesters last week, apparel retailers and manufacturers from Gap Inc. <span class="quotePeekContainer" style="display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span class="quotepeekbase bgQuote neutral" id="quote1776fa32f23e21cef8b6a45345f96df4252444fb" style="background-color: #ebebeb; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(211, 211, 211); color: #707070; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.82em; line-height: 14px; padding: 0px 3px 1px; position: relative;"><a href="http://marketwatch.com/investing/stock/GPS" style="color: #707070; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span class="symbol" style="display: inline-block;">GPS</span> <span class="data bgPercentChange symbol" style="display: inline-block;"></span></a></span></span> to H&M sent an open letter to the government calling for all sides to resolve their dispute over the minimum wage peacefully.</div>
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The letter, addressed to the country’s Prime Minister Hun Sen, the Garment Manufacturers Association and several trade unions, expressed “deep felt concern over the tragic events that took place on” Jan. 3, when the government’s crackdown reportedly killed at least four people and injured more than 30.</div>
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“It is with great concern that we have observed both the widespread civil unrest and the government’s use of deadly force,” the letter said. “Our primary concerns are for the security and safety of the workers employed by our suppliers and the long-term stability of the Cambodian garment industry.”</div>
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Zara parent Inditex, Levi Strauss & Co., Puma, Adidas <span class="quotePeekContainer" style="display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span class="quotepeekbase bgQuote neutral" id="quote4f16ded78ea598d47d1252ca06337fe8dd9a7d2c" style="background-color: #ebebeb; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(211, 211, 211); color: #707070; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.82em; line-height: 14px; padding: 0px 3px 1px; position: relative;"><a href="http://marketwatch.com/investing/stock/ADDYY" style="color: #707070; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span class="symbol" style="display: inline-block;">ADDYY</span> <span class="data bgPercentChange symbol" style="display: inline-block;"></span></a></span></span>s, and Columbia Sportswear Co. <span class="quotePeekContainer" style="display: inline-block; position: relative;"><span class="quotepeekbase bgQuote up" id="quote9c4dcec10fa0d5401edb0b7235ebfe2fcfd07039" style="background-color: #c7f9d2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(111, 207, 133); color: #007c1d; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.82em; line-height: 14px; padding: 0px 3px 1px; position: relative;"><a href="http://marketwatch.com/investing/stock/COLM" style="color: #007c1d; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span class="symbol" style="display: inline-block;">COLM</span> <span class="data bgPercentChange symbol" style="display: inline-block;">+0.03%</span></a></span></span> also signed the letter. The companies said they “endorse and support the development of a regularly-scheduled wage review,” which they said is fundamental to peaceful wage negotiations in the future. They also pledged commitment to Cambodia and its long-term economic development.</div>
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The violent crackdown took place after garment workers rejected the government’s offer of a $15 monthly wage increase to $95 on Dec. 24 and a subsequent offer to increase wages to $100 a month as the workers called for a wage increase of $160 a month, <a href="http://www.wwd.com/business-news/business-features/global-brands-raise-concerns-over-cambodias-strikes-7336119?src=n/newsAlert/20140107-2" style="color: #004276; outline: none;">Women’s Wear Daily reported.</a></div>
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The Asia Floor Wage Alliance, a group of trade unions and labor rights activists, estimates that a living wage for Cambodian garment workers should be $283 per month, the <a href="http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303433304579304154193538792?KEYWORDS=cambodia" style="color: #004276; outline: none;">Wall Street Journal reported,</a> adding the garment industry is the country’s largest export business, employing about 600,000 mostly female workers in about 800 clothing and shoe factories.</div>
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“Employers in the garment sector, a $5 billion annual export industry which increased production by over 20% last year, have been resisting attempts to improve and enforce labor laws and to publicly expose companies which breach the law,” said an international labor coalition that includes <a href="http://www.industriall-union.org/global-union-bodies-demand-justice-for-cambodian-workers" style="color: #004276; outline: none;">IndustriAll Global Union.</a></div>
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The country’s Garment Manufacturers Association told Women’s Wear Daily the brands are “listening to only one story,” and challenged the Western companies to show their commitment by continuing to place orders in Cambodia despite the industrial action and to increase their buying price by 15% to address the wage increase instated earlier in May, from $65 to $80.</div>
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The latest death toll from Cambodia highlights yet another complication challenging Western apparel companies as they are often forced to compete on price and lure customers in what is described as a race to the bottom. Western apparel sellers inked different initiatives last year to improve worker safety in <a href="http://blogs.marketwatch.com/behindthestorefront/2013/10/04/bangladesh-garment-factory-safety-comes-under-closer-scrutiny-with-new-list/" style="color: #004276; outline: none;">Bangladesh</a> in the wake of a garment factory collapse that killed more than 1,100. Bangladesh, whose nearly $20 billion apparel industry makes it the No. 2 garment exporter behind China, in November said it will raise the minimum wage for its garment workers to $68 a month from $38, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/asia/bangladesh-takes-step-toward-raising-38-a-month-minimum-wage.html?_r=0" style="color: #004276; outline: none;">according to media reports.</a></div>
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Cambodia’s apparel industry suffered estimated losses of more than $250 million in sales and investment during the nearly two-week nationwide strikes, Women’s Wear Daily reported.</div>
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– Andria Cheng</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-68357422580253108272014-01-07T11:27:00.002+07:002014-01-07T11:27:55.991+07:00Military Police Deny Their Bullets Killed Five Protesters<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Source from Cambodia Daily </h4>
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By <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/kuch-naren/" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #cd1713; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Posts by Kuch Naren">Kuch Naren</a> - January 7, 2014</div>
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A spokesman for the military police said Monday that there would be no investigation into the killing of five stone-throwing protesters and the wounding of more than 20 on Friday in Phnom Penh’s Veng Sreng Street, and that the military police had behaved “ethically” when they opened fire.</div>
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Brigadier General Kheng Tito said military police—who were witnessed firing AK-47 assault rifles and killing and wounding protesters on official orders—were “very ethical.”<span id="more-50239" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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Brig. Gen. Tito also claimed that it was unclear who had shot the five protesters.</div>
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“We never shoot at a target to take a life,” he claimed, adding that although the military police were armed, they did not aim at, or shoot to kill.</div>
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“So, we don’t know who killed them,” he claimed.</div>
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Both the police and military police have issued similarly incredulous denials of killing protesters in the past.</div>
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When a woman bystander was shot dead by police gunfire in the Stung Meanchey area during a clash with stone-throwing protesters in November, the police denied their bullets were responsible. And, near the Monivong Bridge in September, the police and military police also denied their bullets killed another bystander during a stone-throwing incident.</div>
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Neither of those killings have been investigated, and Brig. Gen. Tito said that the military police officers who opened fire on Friday would not be investigated for the five deaths and more than 20 injured on Veng Sreng Street.</div>
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Protesters, however, who threw rocks at military police, would be investigated, he said.</div>
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“An investigation will be made just to find the persons who caused violence and to find the inciters,” he said. “If an investigation is needed, it will be for finding the ringleaders.”</div>
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Brig. Gen. Tito also said that about 30 military police had been slightly injured by the stone-throwers, who also burned wooden tables and pallets at makeshift barricades, and had attempted to make and thrown Molotov cocktails.</div>
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“A total of 30 military police were injured, but with minor injuries, but there were a lot of police who got serious injuries,” he said.</div>
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He added that a “Phnom Penh military police organization” would cover the medical expenses of the slightly injured officers, while the families of injured protesters would be expected to foot their own bills.</div>
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“Humanitarians who felt sympathy for the injured military” had also donated money toward their medical expenses, Brig. Gen. Tito said, declining to say who or how much.</div>
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On Friday, the Cambodia Express News reported that former Phnom Penh governor and current CPP lawmaker Kep Chuktema gave about 1 million riel (about $250) to badly injured police and about $125 to those with minor injuries.</div>
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Chin Thav, a Royal Cambodian Armed Forces soldier based in Kompong Speu province, said that his 19-year-old brother-in-law, Hoeun Kan, a garment worker, remains at Preah Kossamak hospital after being shot in the thigh by the military police.</div>
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“Garment workers are poor, so the government that ordered the armed forces to open fire on garment workers should help cover medical expenses for them,” he said.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-77297560088890848342014-01-07T10:14:00.001+07:002014-01-07T10:16:34.666+07:00Cambodian troops beat up garment workers campaigning for living wage<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Source from <a href="http://observers.france24.com/content/20140102-cambodian-troops-striking-garment-monks" style="font-size: 12px;">http://observers.france24.com/content/20140102-cambodian-troops-striking-garment-monks</a></h2>
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<span style="font-size: smaller;">Garment factory workers were joined by monks to protest for a higher minimum wage. Photo by </span><a href="https://twitter.com/mosesngeth" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: smaller;">Moses Ngeth.</span></a><span style="font-size: smaller;"> </span></div>
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After two weeks of unprecedented strikes by garment factory workers, Cambodian authorities launched a crackdown on Thursday, sending in troops in riot gear to violently disperse protesters. Witnesses report that dozens of people were injured, including monks who had come out to support the factory workers. Our Observer says that Cambodian workers are shockingly underpaid to make clothing for large Western brands.</div>
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For months now, the Cambodian opposition has been calling for new elections, after alleging voter fraud in last July’s election, in which long-ruling prime minister Hun Sen was re-elected. The main opposition party, the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), has courted the country’s approximately 400,000 garment sector workers by promising that they would double the minimum monthly wage from the equivalent of 80 US dollars to 160 dollars (58 to 116 euros). On Tuesday, the government announced they would raise the minimum wage, but only by 15 dollars. This outraged the garment sector unions, who rallied to the opposition and launched a massive strike.</div>
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Cambodia’s garment sector is <a href="http://www.dw.de/cambodian-garment-workers-demand-higher-wages/a-17330628" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">worth about 3.6 million euros</a>. It is the country’s largest employer, and its biggest source of much-needed foreign income.</div>
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<span style="font-size: smaller;">A group of protesters face off with soldiers in riot gear. Photo by </span><a href="https://twitter.com/mosesngeth" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: smaller;">Moses Ngeth</span></a><span style="font-size: smaller;">.</span></div>
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“The current wages for garment factory workers are not sustainable”</h3>
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Mory Sar is a human rights activist and the vice president of the Cambodian Youth Network. He went to Thursday’s protest to monitor the situation.</div>
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Garment workers went out to protest in front of Yak Jin factory a few miles out of Phnom Penh this morning [whose clients include <a href="http://www.yakjin.com/eng/biz/biz_03_001.asp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">GAP and Walmart</a>]. Quite a few monks came out in solidarity. But then a confrontation broke out with the troops who had been dispatched to the scene. [According to AFP, some witnesses reported that this started when a few people threw stones toward the troops.] The soldiers started hitting protesters with clubs quite viciously. One monk was beaten so badly he wound up in the hospital. Meanwhile several monks and protest leaders were taken into detention.</div>
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<span style="font-size: smaller;">A monk being treated in the hospital following Thursday morning's clashes between protesters and soldiers. Photo by </span><a href="https://twitter.com/mosesngeth" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: smaller;">Moses Ngeth</span></a><span style="font-size: smaller;">, an activist with the Community Legal Education Centre. </span></div>
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<strong>“Monks are highly respected in Cambodia; the authorities don’t want more of them joining the protests”</strong></div>
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I wasn’t surprised by this violence: we were expecting a crackdown, because the authorities said that starting tomorrow [Friday], workers would be forced to go back to their jobs. I was quite appalled to see that soldiers were brought out to do the police’s job, and used such force. [The use of a special military command unit in such a situation is unprecedented and “signals a disturbing new tactic by the authorities”, according to <a href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ikrIuomx-OHzA3J36bxlHdQ5EC8g?docId=7f760d9d-b999-47ac-b01a-b4b5ed2388e1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">a statement</a> by the Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights]. The fact that they lashed out at monks is shocking, but I believe this is strategic: monks are highly respected in Cambodia, and the authorities don’t want more of them joining the protests.</div>
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<span style="font-size: smaller;">Monks forming a human chain between garment workers and troops on Thursday afternoon. Following the morning's crackdown, protesters blocked roads. Photo by </span><a href="https://twitter.com/mosesngeth" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: smaller;">Moses Ngeth</span></a><span style="font-size: smaller;">.</span></div>
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<strong>“The protests won’t die down just yet”</strong></div>
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However, I don’t think the protests will die down just yet. All of those protesting are saying that they’ll be back out in the streets tomorrow, because now, they no longer have just one demand – a higher minimum wage – but two: a higher minimum wage and the release of their arrested leaders.</div>
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Moreover, the protesters know that what they’re asking for is reasonable. Doubling their wages may sound like a lot, but they are drastically underpaid to begin with. The cost of everything has increased over the past few years – renting a house, electricity, goods in the market… all of it. Economists have calculated that 160 dollars is just enough for workers to <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archive/labor-watchdog-studies-garment-worker-standard-of-living-16695/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">live decently</a> – to eat, to pay for their children’s studies, to pay for health care, <a href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/cambodia/120723/cambodia-factory-workers-minimum-wage-olympics" rel="nofollow" style="color: #024e89; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">very basic things like that</a>. If the minimum wage was 160 dollars, that would still make labour here quite cheap compared to most countries in the world, not to mention that taxes are quite low. So none of the protesters are worried about the factories closing and moving elsewhere.</div>
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Currently, garment workers have to work tons of overtime to make ends meet. Most of these workers come from rural areas, and have to support families back home. The current wages are simply not sustainable.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-60326383666598130852014-01-07T08:57:00.002+07:002014-01-07T08:57:59.699+07:00Denunciation of government deadly crackdown on Phnom Penh demonstration<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Cambodian authorities’ use of lethal force against striking workers on 3 January in Phnom Penh has been condemned by FIDH and its member organizations ADHOC and LICADHO. The three organizations also express their serious concern over the authorities’ crackdown on anti-government protesters and the judicial harassment of opposition leaders.</h2>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">“<i>The killing of demonstrators by government authorities is totally unacceptable,</i>”</span> said FIDH President Karim Lahidji. <span style="font-weight: 700;">“<i>The government must use dialogue, not guns and batons, to address workers’ demands and to deal with political dissent,</i>”</span> he added.<br /><br />On January 3, security forces attacked striking workers at Canadia Industrial Park, in southwest Phnom Penh. The area is home to numerous garment factories that make clothing for global brands. After unsuccessful attempts to clear the striking workers from a road they had been blocking, clashes escalated and police opened fire on the workers. At least four workers were killed and more than 20 suffered bullet wounds. Police also detained at least 13 people.<br /><br />Tens of thousands of garment workers in Phnom Penh began strikes and protests in late December to demand that the government increase the monthly minimum wage for garment and footwear workers from US$80 to US$160. On December 31, 2013, the Cambodian Labor Ministry announced that the minimum wage would be raised to US$100 per month in February, 2014.<br /><br />The January 3 deadly crackdown followed an attack on striking workers a day earlier outside a garment factory in Phnom Penh’s Pursenchey District. Soldiers from Special Command Unit 911 attacked the striking workers with batons and injured 20 people. Soldiers also detained 15 people, including eight workers, five monks, and human rights defenders Vorn Pov and Theng Savuen, President of the Independent Democracy of Information Economic Association (IDEA) and Coordinator of the Coalition of Cambodian Farmer Community (CCFC) respectively. Ten of those arrested on charges of committing acts of violence and causing damage under Article 218 and 414 of the Criminal Code. Although the court originally stated that the arrestees would be detained in Phnom Penh’s Correctional Center 1 (CC1), they never arrived and authorities hid their actual location for two days. Instead of being sent to CC1, the arrestees were transported to Correctional Centers 3 and 4, which are located outside of Phnom Penh. Some had been brutally beaten during their arrest and were in urgent need of medical care.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: 700;">“<i>The deployment of military units and the use of lethal force to suppress workers’ legitimate right to strike are extremely troubling,</i>”</span> said ADHOC President Thun Saray. <br class="autobr" /><span style="font-weight: 700;">“<i>The government must launch a quick, thorough, and independent investigation into the 3 January killings and hold those responsible accountable. Authorities must also immediately release workers, monks, and human rights defenders who have been arbitrarily detained in connection with the protests,</i>”</span> Mr. Saray urged.<br /><br />The UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials require that the use of force is subject to the requirements of necessity and proportionality. Specifically, the Basic Principles state that firearms shall never be used unless “less extreme means are insufficient.” In addition, whenever the use of force and firearms is unavoidable, law enforcement officials shall “respect and preserve human life.”<br /><br />In addition, the ILO interpretation of its Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention (Convention No 87), which Cambodia has ratified, stated that “no one should be deprived of their freedom or be subject to penal sanctions for the mere fact of organizing or participating in a peaceful strike.”<br /><br />At the same time as its violent response to the workers’ strikes, the Cambodia government also cracked down on opposition leaders and peaceful anti-government protests.<br /><br />On January 3, the Phnom Penh Municipal Court summoned Sam Rainsy and Kem Sokha, the leaders of the main opposition party, the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), to appear for questioning on January 14. The court said the two would be questioned about their alleged involvement in inciting people to commit crimes and committing acts that led to social unrest.<br /><br />On January 4, riot police dispersed about 1,000 anti-government protesters from Freedom Park in central Phnom Penh. Police armed with batons and thugs wearing civilian clothes beat and chased protesters, including monks and women, from the protest site and destroyed stages and other structures, including a Buddhist shrine. Anti-government protesters had camped at Freedom Park since mid-December to demand that Prime Minister Hun Sen step down and call new elections.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: 700;">“<i>The authorities have responded to peaceful anti-government demonstration with violence,</i>”</span> said LICADHO Director Naly Pilorge. <span style="font-weight: 700;">“<i>It is obvious that the government has used the workers’ protest as a pretext to clamp down on it political opponents,</i>”</span> she added.<br /><br />On January 4, Phnom Penh Municipal Governor Pa Socheatvong banned the CNRP from holding any protests in the capital “until the security situation has returned to normal.”<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: 700;">“<i>A sweeping, indefinite ban on political protests is unlawful and unmotivated,</i>”</span> said Ms. Pilorge. <span style="font-weight: 700;">”<i>The government should tolerate peaceful dissent and end the ongoing harassment of its political opponents,</i>”</span> she urged.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-63751495153793515652014-01-05T15:21:00.000+07:002014-01-05T15:21:25.597+07:00MILITARY POLICE ARE KILLING THE CAMBODIANS WHO MAKE YOUR CLOTHES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<em style="font-weight: inherit;">An injured man is carried from the scene of the clashes in Cambodia this morning (photo by Thomas Cristofoletti / Ruom)</em></div>
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Four people were killed and 21 more were injured in Cambodia this morning, when police opened fire with AK-47s into a group of protesters. The deaths come after months of tension and escalating violence between the authorities and garment workers who are demanding higher wages.</div>
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Things came to a head on Thursday evening, when a police battalion in Phnom Penh were beaten back from an apartment block that had been seized by protesters during a day of demonstrations. By this morning, the military cops were engaged in a standoff on Veng Sreng Boulevard – one of the main roads out of the Cambodian capital – and the makeup of their opponents was a curious one. The factory workers, 90 percent of whom are women, had at some point been replaced by groups of metal pole and machete wielding young men, gathered together behind rows of Molotov cocktails.</div>
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At some point, the military police chose to respond to a barrage of rocks, bricks and petrol bombs with gunfire. A nearby clinic that had refused to help the injured was ransacked. One of the injured was a pregnant woman who had been trying to escape the chaos.</div>
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<em style="font-weight: inherit;">Protesters block the road in November</em></div>
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The tragic scenes come after several months of strikes by workers at the SL Factory, which supplies Western chains with clothes. The SL workers' own strike ended on the 22nd of December, just in time for them to join a nationwide strike on Christmas Day. The deaths this morning weren't the first. A <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/garment-protest-turns-violent-at-least-one-man-shot-46878/" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">protest</a> in November saw an innocent bystander – a food vendor named Eng Sokhom – killed by a stray police bullet to the chest, with a further nine getting wounded and 37 arrested. The crackdown actually started last August, when 19 union members were fired and SL Factory shareholder, Meas Sotha, brought his private guards into the factory for "security".</div>
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Though the 19 workers were later <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/sl-factory-agrees-to-reinstate-19-union-representatives-48201/" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">reinstated</a>, clearly that didn't do much in terms of quelling the rage felt by SL's employees.</div>
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<img alt="" src="http://assets.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/129888/DSC01567.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: 480px; max-width: 642px; width: 640px;" /></div>
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<em style="font-weight: inherit;">The SL garment factory</em></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;">
The aggro isn't confined to the SL Factory. The Garment Manufacturers Association of Cambodia (GMAC) <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/factory-owners-slam-government-over-handling-of-strikes-49352/" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">estimates</a> that over a quarter of working days in the last two years have been lost due to strikes. I lost a working day last May when I found my road home blocked by three enormous concrete pipes that had been dragged into place by cheering, pyjama-wearing factory workers (pyjamas are <a href="http://cambodja.blogspot.co.uk/2008/11/women-wearing-pyjamas.html" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">acceptable daywear</a> in Cambodia).</div>
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While men on scooters tried to circumnavigate the blockade by slipping and sliding through a drainage ditch, I stopped and talked with those involved. I found a story that would repeat itself at the gates of factories throughout Cambodia – the workers said they needed higher wages but the bosses said they could not afford to pay them. Both agreed that the onus was on Western chains to pay more for the garments they were buying.</div>
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<img alt="" src="http://assets.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/129889/DSC01667.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: 480px; max-width: 642px; width: 640px;" /></div>
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<em style="font-weight: inherit;">Inside the SL garment factory</em></div>
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Cambodia’s clothing industry makes up <a href="http://www.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/tag/garment-exports/" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">80 percent</a> of the country's exports and employs 400,000 people, with an estimated 300,000 more working in supporting roles. Almost all are young, female and poor. As a result, rural Cambodian villages are devoid of school-leavers as they get absorbed into the industry. It's a punitive cycle. I lived in a Cambodian village and noticed the older girls from my English class kept disappearing. “Where’s Srey Neung?” I would ask, to give an example. “She’s gone to work in a factory," would come the typical reply.</div>
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Srey Neung, like many her age, now works 60 hours per week in order to send the equivalent of £18 home to her family. She’s relatively lucky to be starting work in 2013. Ten years ago, the situation for workers was atrocious. Rina Roat started her working life in the factories back in 2003. She told me that her basic salary was £27 per month. She had to work up to 20 hours a day including overtime to support herself. She suffered from depression and exhaustion but was too afraid to complain in case she lost her job. She's now an entrepreneur but her hands remain thick with scar tissue from years spent tending to the machines.</div>
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<img alt="" src="http://assets.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/129894/blocked%20from%20hun%20sens%20house.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: 480px; max-width: 642px; width: 640px;" /></div>
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Since Rina’s day, there have been small improvements. The minimum wage per month has<a href="http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/wages-03212013185628.html" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">increased</a> from £27 to £48 between 1997 and 2013. But is this enough to cover the cost of living? Joseph Lee, Director of SL Factory, told me that the minimum one of his workers needed to survive is £35 per month – that’s if they shared a tiny room with four others, ate only super-cheap Ramen noodles and commuted in overstuffed cattle trucks.</div>
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That’s nowhere near enough, said Ath Thorn, the president of the Coalition of Cambodian Apparel Workers Democratic Union (CCAWDU). He pointed out that Cambodia’s Ministry of Labour found that garment workers needed at least £95 per month to cover the cost of living. This kind of bickering between factories and unions is typical and often results in protests and violence. </div>
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<img alt="" src="http://assets.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/129895/Mr%20Lee.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: 480px; max-width: 642px; width: 640px;" /></div>
<div class="photo_caption" style="color: #666666; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: -15px; padding: 0px;">
<em style="font-weight: inherit;">Joseph Lee, Director of SL Factory</em></div>
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Joseph Lee says this year has been the worst he can remember. He told me that his driver was left half blind after a clash between strikers and security staff at the factory on the 1st of November. The driver was trying to escape the ruckus when a ball bearing was fired from a slingshot. It exploded his eyeball on impact. Lee also alleges that a worker who didn’t want to join the protest was hit by a brick on his way to work. “He used to be the most handsome man in the factory but not any more,” Lee explained. “I want to increase wages but how can I when the buyers keep pushing me to reduce my price?”</div>
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One buyer has taken some responsibility. H&M <a href="http://about.hm.com/en/About/Sustainability/Commitments/Responsible-Partners/fair-living-wage/roadmap-to-fair-living-wage.html" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">have</a> chosen two factories in Bangladesh and one in Cambodia to pilot a scheme where they interview the management and staff to discover what is a living wage and supply the extra funds from their own profits. They have <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/nov/25/h-m-living-wage-textile-workers-bangladesh-cambodia" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">pledged</a> to pay a living wage, but not until 2018. Koh Chong Ho, the general manager of SL Factory, told me that if the buyers increased their price he'd be able to pay his workers more and that this would go a long way to creating peace and stability in the industry.</div>
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<img alt="" src="http://assets.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/129896/DSC01677.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: 480px; max-width: 642px; width: 640px;" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;">
Clearly Western brands need to take more responsibility but that won’t solve the problem completely; not while <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/archive/garment-makers-corruption-will-kill-industry-38202/" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">corruption</a> remains uncurtailed. Cambodia is <a href="http://ticambodia.org/index.php/news/pressrelease/corruption-perceptions-index-cpi-2013" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">ranked</a> as the 17th most corrupt country in the world by Transparency International. Kol Preap, executive director of Transparency International Cambodia told me that while there are no exact figures, he knows that garment factories pay massive bribes to officials. Koh declined to comment on this.</div>
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Opposition party the Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP) claim to have been <a href="http://thediplomat.com/2013/12/the-cambodia-national-rescue-party-whats-next/1/" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">cheated</a> out of winning last summer’s elections and have seen their ranks swell with garment factory workers after promising them their desired wage increase to £160 per month. The <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/29/us-cambodia-protest-idUSBRE9BS03P20131229" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">pressure</a> on Prime Minister Hun Sen is mounting. Everyone's waiting to see what will happen on Sunday, when the CNRP has called for another demonstration.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;">
<em style="font-weight: inherit;">Follow Nathan on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/NathanWrites" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">@NathanWrites</a> and check out his <a href="http://www.nathanathompson.co.uk/" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">website</a>.</em></div>
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<em style="font-weight: inherit;">More bad things happening because of cheap clothes:</em></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-56897272466174643722014-01-03T13:42:00.003+07:002014-01-03T13:42:37.389+07:00Three Killed as Police Open Fire on Protesters<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Source from Cambodia Daily </h1>
<div class="postmeta" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; clear: both; font-family: Calibrii, Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; margin: 5px 0px 0px !important; padding: 2px 1px; vertical-align: baseline;">
By <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/kuch-naren/" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #cd1713; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Posts by Kuch Naren">Kuch Naren</a> and <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/doyle/" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #cd1713; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Posts by Kevin Doyle">Kevin Doyle</a> - January 3, 2014</div>
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At least three people were killed Friday morning when police opened fire on several hundred protesters blocking a street at Canadia Industrial Park in Phnom Penh’s Pur Senchey district, police confirmed.</div>
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“So far, three are confirmed dead, two injured and two men were arrested by armed forces,” Phnom Penh Municipal Police Chief Chuon Narin said shortly after the incident at about 10 a.m.<span id="more-50022" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_50033" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-style: solid none; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; max-width: 627px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 475px;">
<a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/cdfiles/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/violence-e1388726988357.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #cd1713; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Protesters help a man injured during clashes between police and garment workers at Canadia Industrial Park in Phnom Penh's Pur Senchey district on Friday. Police confirmed three people were killed during the violence. (Siv Channa)" class="size-full wp-image-50033" height="332" src="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/cdfiles/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/violence-e1388726988357.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 5px 5px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="465" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 5px 5px 5px 7px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
Protesters help a man injured during clashes between police and garment workers at Canadia Industrial Park in Phnom Penh’s Pur Senchey district on Friday. Police confirmed three people were killed during the violence. (Siv Channa)</div>
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Hundreds of young men and some women armed with sticks, rocks and Molotov cocktails confronted military police armed with AK-47s, riot shields and batons on Friday, following a night of fighting between both sides in the same location.</div>
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Barricades continued to burn and rubble was strewn across the road as both sides continued to clash Friday morning and afternoon. A medical clinic was destroyed by the demonstrators—mostly striking garment factory workers—allegedly because the clinic had refused to treat those injured by military police gunfire.</div>
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Hundreds of military police are deployed near the entrance of the Canadia Industrial Park, which is the center of the ongoing conflict, and pitched battles continued with military police unable to contain the rioting.</div>
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Reports from Thursday night and early Friday morning were that the demonstrators beat back several police assaults to restore order in the area.</div>
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According to witnesses, military police gunfire from AK-47 assault rifles was sustained and targeted. Gunshots continued to ring out Friday afternoon. Bullet holes could be seen on the upper floors of an apartment building housing garment factory workers.</div>
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Major General Roth Srieng, commander of the Phnom Penh Municipal Military Police, defended the killing of the three people. “We cannot allow them to block the road and we have to crack down on them,” Mr. Srieng said. “We have no choice.”</div>
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Last night, military police tried to break up a strike of thousands of striking garment factory workers who have been demanding higher wages at the Canadia Industrial Park.</div>
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According to Bun Van, head of the Coalition of Cambodian Apparel Workers Democratic Union, more than 200 military police had moved in with batons, shields and rifles, injuring about 10 workers.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-43556300346669423782013-12-04T09:10:00.000+07:002013-12-04T09:10:34.998+07:00Cambodia Ranked Most Corrupt Country in the Region<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: #717070; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VOA Khmer, <a href="http://www.voacambodia.com/author/22354.html" target="target"><span style="color: #132fbe;">Khoun Theara</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #717070; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">04 December 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Cambodia is now ranked
as being perceived by investors as Southeast Asia’s most corrupt country,
surpassing Laos and Burma on Transparency International’s annual corruption
index.<br />
<br />
Cambodia ranked 160 of 175 countries in the report, with its index score a mere
20 out of 100. That’s two points lower than last year, marking the first year
Cambodia has fared worse than its regional neighbors on the index.<br />
<br />
The index is derived from surveys of perceived corruption by investors and
others in the private sector concerning the public sector and is undertaken
each year by a partnership of seven international institutions, including the
World Bank and the World Economic Forum.<br />
<br />
“The government should not consider this as a critique, but as a mirror for
improvement,” Ok Serei Sopheak, board director for Transparency International
Cambodia, told VOA Khmer Tuesday.<br />
<br />
The least-corrupt countries worldwide were Denmark, New Zealand and Finland. In
the region, Singapore was ranked fifth, Brunei 38th and Malaysia 53rd overall.<br />
<br />
Cambodia’s ranking comes despite the passage of an anti-corruption law and a
specialized unit to tackle the problem.<br />
<br />
“The government needs to enforce the anti-corruption law without exception,”
said Preab Kol, executive director of Transparency International Cambodia. “It
needs to enhance its auditive and investigating systems to increase
accountability. Third, raise awareness in the public to put pressure on and
report crimes of corruption. If there is just political rhetoric and threats
without any concrete measures, there is no hope for any improvement.”<br />
<br />
This year’s lower ranking for Cambodia could be a result of the country’s
post-election political crisis, which worries investors and erodes their trust,
Preab Kol said.<br />
<br />
Neither Om Yentieng, head of the government’s Anti-Corruption Unit, nor Phay
Siphan, government spokesman, could be reached for comment Tuesday.<br />
<br />
Cambodia consistently scores poorly on the annual global index. And the
corruption problem is not lost on its international donors.<br />
<br />
Christine Lagarde, head of the International Monetary Fund, who visited
Cambodia this week, told a group of students at a local university that
Cambodia needs stronger institutions and governance. “It needs a better
business climate, based on impartiality and predictability,” she said.<br />
<br />
Preab Kol said a decrease in foreign investment in the country could occur if
the corruption issue is not addressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-42294889999582088012013-12-01T09:37:00.000+07:002013-12-01T09:37:25.752+07:00Assessment of the Enabling Environment for Civil Society Country Report – Cambodia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Assessment
of the Enabling Environment for Civil
Society <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Country Report
– Cambodia<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-AU">Prepared for the Cooperation
Committee for Cambodia by Cord Cambodia.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-AU">December 2013<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Section I: Introduction <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This report focuses on the <i>legal, regulatory, and policy environment</i>
in which Cambodian civil society organizations (CSOs) operate. The laws and
regulations that govern CSOs shape their ability to communicate and associate
with others, to engage in peaceful assembly, to seek tax exemptions, to engage
in philanthropy, and to access information. These factors, as well as the
relationship with government, help to define the nature of civil society’s <i>enabling environment</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">The report is part of the Civic
Space Initiative program initiated by <b>CIVICUS</b>
and the <b>International Centre for
Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL),</b></span><b><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></b>in partnership with
ARTICLE19, and the World Movement for Democracy, and with support from the
Swedish International Development Agency <o:p></o:p></div>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
Enabling Environment National Assessment for Cambodia<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">CCC selected seven dimensions of
the enabling environment for this assessment: (1) formation, (2) operation, (3)
access to resources, (4) expression, (5) peaceful assembly, (6)
government-civil society relations, and (7) CSO cooperation. </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The
research was intended to identify</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Laws,
regulations and the policy environment affect the ability of CSO to function <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Key
problems, weaknesses and challenges arising from laws and policies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">How best to overcome challenges and promote
increased democratic space.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definitions</span></b><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A <b>fully enabling environment</b>
for civil society would guarantee fundamental human rights that allow people to
organise and participate in development, including: <i>Freedom of association and assembly and expression; Legal recognition
facilitating the work of CSOs; Freedom of movement, mobility rights and the
right to travel: The right to operate free of unwarranted state interference;
and a legal framework in which to obtain necessary resources <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This report is focused on concerns
of Local NGOs (LNGOs) and community-based organisations (CBOs) administered by
the Ministry of Interior or the Council of Ministers. (The Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and International Cooperation administers international NGOs.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Section ll: Methodology. <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DaunPenh; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The research team worked in
collaboration with CCC and indirectly with CCC’s research advisory panel, to
determine appropriate methods for gathering and analysing the required
information. The method consisted of a review of documents and interviews with 24
key stakeholders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Section III: Formation of Civil Society Organisations <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The right to form and
register a civil society organisation is guaranteed in the Constitution of
Cambodia and currently here are around 1,350 active NGOs and associations. The government has power to deny registration.<span style="color: #666666;">
</span>A proposed new law on NGOs and associations (LANGO) may simplify the
legal provisions for registration. But many CSOs fear changes may be used to
shrink <i>democratic space</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Key challenges
to the formation of civil society organisations in Cambodia are:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Lack of
clarity in the Civil Code for Cambodia and complicated registration
requirements<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Excessive
government discretion in determining eligibility for registration<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Requirement
to pay ‘facilitation fees’, that is, bribes to government officials in
order to secure assistance for the registration process<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Apparent
absence of a mechanism of appeal for failed attempts at registration<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Uncertainty
and suspicion from civil society actors regarding pending changes to legal
provisions determining formation requirements, and especially regarding
the possibility that new legal provisions will be used to restrict
freedoms<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Section IV: Operation of Civil Society Organisations<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="line-height: 115%;">Laws governing CSOs include the <i>Civil
Code on Cambodia 2007</i>, the <i>Law on Taxation 2004</i>, the <i>Penal Code
2009</i>, the <i>Peaceful Demonstrations Law 2009</i>, and the <i>Anti-corruption
Law 2010</i>. CSOs that promote human rights have been threatened and suspended
by government. Many worry the proposed new LANGO law will
increase the government interference and control of CSOs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Key
challenges in relation to the operation of civil society organisations in
Cambodia are:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Low
compliance with existing legal provisions by civil society organisations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Onerous
and confusing reporting obligations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Poor
understanding and/or improper implementation of existing legal provisions
by government officials <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Requirement
to make unofficial payments to government staff to facilitate operations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Absence
of, and inconsistent, repercussions for failure to comply with legal
obligations <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Occasional
harassment of some CSOs involved in
human rights work<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Absence
of an appeal mechanism in the event
of deregistration, suspension or dissolution<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Fear in
relation to the potential misuse of the proposed new law on NGOs and
associations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Section
V: Access to Resources<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">RGC seems
not to acknowledge CSOs as important strategic partners. </span><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Key challenges for Cambodian civil society organisations to access
resources are:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Increasing competition to
access foreign funds<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Increasing donor concern
with the financial sustainability of projects and shifting donor priorities
(away from Cambodia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Low organisational capacity
in fundraising<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Perceived pressure to
generate independent income<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Potential for some social
enterprise development to displace the core work of civil society<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Absence of a partnership
agreement between government and civil society<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Near absence of local
philanthropy, except in relation to religious and political donations <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Section
VI: Expression<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">The
press in Cambodia has been deemed ‘not free’ and crackdowns on free speech have
been increasing since 2012. </span><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Key
challenges in relation to expression in Cambodia are:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Lack of independence of most local
media, especially TV and Khmer-language newspapers<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">The adoption of a new draft
anti-cyber law may restrict freedom of speech/ expression<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Intimidation of some individuals
who express opinions contrary to the government<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Potential for a new law on NGOs
and associations to restrict freedom of expression<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Section VII: Peaceful Assembly<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.05pt 6pt 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Article 41 of the Constitution of Cambodia
states that citizens shall have freedom of expression, press, publication and
assembly but in some instances,</span><span lang="EN-AU"> government has arbitrarily restricted freedom of movement and
assembly, refused to give permission for peaceful protests, and police have
disrupted meetings, and threatened
communities that engage with NGOs.</span><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Key
challenges in relation to peaceful assembly in Cambodia are:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Apparently arbitrary denials of
requests to assemble/demonstrate <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Fear of repercussion against
organisers and participants in peaceful assemblies<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Disturbance of peaceful assemblies
by authorities<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Occasional escalation to violence
of otherwise peaceful demonstrations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Lack of transparency in
investigative processes into police or other authorities implicated in
perpetrating violence against participants in peaceful assembly<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-AU">Absence of repercussions towards
those who perpetrate violence against participants, despite photographic
and video evidence of such.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Section VIII: Government and Civil Society Relations<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">The role of civil society in Cambodia’s development
is substantially overlooked. One interviewee says “It is rare that national
governments are as uncommitted to partnership with CSOs as is the case in
Cambodia”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Key challenges for the relationship between government and
civil society include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ongoing lack of trust, especially between the government and
those civil society organisations that are active in promoting democracy and
human rights<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insufficient opportunities for dialogue and for government
and civil society to provide meaningful input and feedback to each other,
especially at national level<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Failure to provide adequate space and time for civil society
contributions to Technical Working Groups and other comparable consultative
mechanisms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lack of clarity about a proposed annual forum between
government and civil society <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Failure to ascribe a clear role to civil society in
Cambodia’s Rectangular Strategy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limited capacity for cooperation on the part of both
government and civil society<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lack of interest in cooperation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Section IX: Civil Society Cooperation and Coalition<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Coalitions of civil society
organisations may be </span><span lang="EN-AU">increasing but
depth of cooperation is low. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Key challenges in relation to civil
society cooperation and coalitions are:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Lack
of trust among NGOs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Shallow
cooperation, mostly addressing technical issues<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Inadequate
mechanisms for the evaluation of umbrella group performance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Inadequate
mechanisms for receiving and addressing complaints from members<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU">•<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU">Poor
cross-sectoral cooperation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-4940761214364871612013-11-29T10:49:00.000+07:002013-11-29T10:49:34.329+07:00Civil Society Sets Its Sights on Respect & Full partnership <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #002060;">Media Advisory Wednesday, 27 Nov 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060;">For Immediate Release<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Civil
Society Sets Its Sights on Respect <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">&
Full partnership </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: KHM;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Civil society organizations (CSOs) bring Cambodia hundreds of
millions of dollars in goods and services each year but a new report says the
government seems determined <i>not </i>to
treat it as “an important strategic partner.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The report – an assessment of the legal and political
environment for CSOs – is based on research and interviews with two dozen
representatives of national and international NGOs and other membership
organizations, academics, union leaders and an un-named government
representative. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It cites a range of obstacles to the effective operation of
CSOs, from ministry employees who seek bribes to register an NGO, to police
harassment of organizers and participants in legal meetings and demonstrations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The most persistent criticism is the charge that government
turns its back on the concerns and recommendations that civil society brings
forward from the grass roots of Cambodian society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">As one of the people interviewed for the report says,
“it is rare that a national government is as uncommitted to partnership with
civil society organizations as is the case in Cambodia.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Cambodia
Country Report: Assessment of the Enabling Environment for Civil Society”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">National
Consultation: Himawari Hotel, 313 Sisowath Quay, Phnom Penh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Time:
8:00 am – 4:30 pm, Thursday 28 Nov 2013 – News Conference at 10 am<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The report was prepared for CCC by UK-based Cord Cambodia in
line with an initiative by CIVICUS and the
International Centre for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL). Intended as a
springboard for a campaign in support of the rights of civil society, it
examines seven dimensions of the “public space” in which CSOs organize, operate
and seek resources. In each case it lists a series of key challenges and
obstacles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The areas of concern include: rules governing the formation
of CSOs and their operation; access to resources, freedom of expression and
peaceful assembly; government-CSO relations; and cooperation and coalitions
among CSOs themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Delegates at the consultation will be asked to review the
report, target priorities and lay the groundwork for an advocacy campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<i>For any additional information, please contact:<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Kim Thida Kallianey (Ms),
Communications and PR Manager<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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M: +855 (0)12
492 798 T: +855 (0)23 214 152<o:p></o:p></div>
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“This press
release is prepared by<span lang="KHM" style="font-family: DaunPenh; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span> CCC through the Civic Space
Initiative, implemented in partnership with the International Center for
Not-for-Profit Law, ARTICLE 19, CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen
Participation, and the World Movement for Democracy.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-32315666802468836612013-11-14T17:33:00.000+07:002013-11-14T17:33:17.878+07:00Cambodian Police Performed Cruel Action Against Garment Factory Workers <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
The atrocity and cruel act which were done by Cambodian police against the garment factory workers who demand a good condition of working. The SL garment factory workers demonstrated since last three months but no competent authority appear to solve the problem. On November 12, the demonstrators wanted to march from Stung Meanchey bridge to Hun Sen, decision maker and the powerful person in box (not Outside the border of Cambodia) to demand him to solve their problems. But the police dispersed them to move and they beat, kicked the monks and other participants seriously. At least a seller die and many injured.<br />
<br />
<br />
Please see the below video from Radio Free Asia and pictures from social media who witness on this event.<br />
<br />
Vedior from Radio Free Asia: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMnh7l2VEFc&list=PLE1398E8F75A308CE">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMnh7l2VEFc&list=PLE1398E8F75A308CE</a><br />
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ព្រឹតិ្តបត្រច្បាប់កម្ពុជា (ព ច ក)គឺជាក្រុមឯករាជ្យ និងមិនមែនជាបក្សនយោបាយ ទេ ជាក្រុមស្ម័គ្រចិត្តដែល ធ្វើការ សម្រាប់ធ្វើ ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយអំពីច្បាប់ និងព័តមាន ដែលទាក់ទងនឹងការអភិវឌ្ឍ និងស្ថានភាព សិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅកម្ពុជា។ រាល់មតិ យោបល់នៅក្នុងព្រឹត្តនេះមិនអាចយកទៅធើ្វជាអំណះ អំណាង ចំពោះមុខ តុលាការ រឺក្នុងគោលបំណងអ្វីផ្សេងទៀតឡើយ។ ព ច ក គ្រាន់ផ្តល់ នូវចំណេះដឹងច្បាប់ និងចំណេះដឹងផ្សេងៗទៀតដល់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឌប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ ប្រសិនលោក អ្នកចង់ដឹងព័តមានបន្ថែមអំពី ព ច ក សូមផ្ញើអីម៉ែលមកយើងខ្ញុំ។ យើងខ្ញុំសូមស្វាគមន៌រាល់មតិលំអដល់ ព ច ក៕</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-1532279001689990782013-11-13T09:20:00.003+07:002013-11-13T09:22:16.819+07:00Woman Shot Dead by Cambodian Police in Protest Clampdown<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013-11-12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Source from Radio Free Asia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 15pt;">A video still shows
police detain a protester during a clash in Phnom Penh, Nov. 12, 2013.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/clash-11122013172259.html/cambodia-garment-protest-shooting-nov-2013.JPG" title=""A video still shows police detain a protester during a clash in Phnom Penh, Nov. 12, 2013." "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambodian riot police shot a woman
dead and wounded nine other people on Tuesday as they cracked down on a
demonstration by employees demanding better working conditions at a factory
supplying clothing to global retailers, sources said.<br />
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Rights groups strongly condemned the crackdown, which was one of the most
violent against labor unrest in the country in recent years, and called for a
probe into the use of excessive force by the police in suppressing the protests
in the capital Phnom Penh.<br />
<br />
Authorities said 47 police officers were injured in the clashes with the
protesters which also saw a number of police vehicles torched. More than 40
protesters, including monks, have been arrested, according to rights groups.<br />
<br />
The violence broke out mid-morning as around 100 police blocked some 600
protesters trying to march from the Singapore-owned SL Garment Processing
factory to the home of Prime Minister Hun Sen to air their grievances over low
pay and poor working conditions.<br />
<br />
Local rights groups said the first wave of violence broke out at the Stung
Meanchey bridge in the capital’s Meanchey district when protesters tried to
push through a barricade on their way to Hun Sen’s home and collided with
police, who turned water cannons on them.<br />
<br />
Workers and onlookers retreated to a nearby pagoda, but were followed by five
police officers who began beating people, according to a joint statement by
Community Legal Education Centre (CLEC) and the Cambodian League for the
Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (LICADHO).<br />
<br />
The crowd turned on the five policemen, throwing rocks at them until they
barricaded themselves inside one of the pagoda’s rooms.<br />
<br />
The remainder of police then stormed the pagoda, “firing tear gas canisters and
rubber bullets” which protesters responded to with another hail of rocks.<br />
<br />
“Minutes into the operation, police officers switched to live ammunition and
began shooting with AK-47s and handguns,” the statement said.<br />
<br />
In the chaos, the five barricaded police officers managed to exit the room “and
while leaving shot at an unarmed teenager inside the pagoda.”<br />
<br />
A third wave of violence occurred when “hundreds of military police officers”
were dispatched to the scene, where they charged at the crowd “shooting more
tear gas and live ammunition.”<br />
<br />
The authorities then “chased and cornered youths onto side streets beating a
number of them bloody while proceeding [to detain] over 30 civilians and
monks.”<br />
<br />
Violence condemned<br />
<br />
In the aftermath of the clash, “several citizens were found injured by bullet
wounds,” according to the statement, including Eng Sokhum, a 49-year-old rice
vendor from a nearby market who died on her way to the hospital for emergency
treatment.<br />
<br />
The rights groups said that another man is in critical condition with a bullet
wound to the chest, six men are in treatment for bullet injuries at the Soviet
Friendship Hospital and another two people are being tended to at Kosamak
Hospital.<br />
<br />
They said that two policemen are reportedly being treated for tear gas poisoning
and a head injury caused by rock throwing.<br />
<br />
The two rights groups “strongly condemn[ed] the use of violence exercised by
both authorities and civilians,” but called the police actions
“disproportionate” and demonstrative of “the utter lack of will [on] the part
of the authorit[ies] to seek a peaceful way out of today’s situation.”<br />
<br />
They called for an investigation into the use of excessive force and live
ammunition, a review of the arrests of 29 civilians and 12 monks who took part
in the protest and for the government to intervene in the labor dispute between
the workers and SL Garment, which supplies retailers Gap and H&M.<br />
<br />
The Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR) also condemned Tuesday’s violence
in a statement, demanding authorities conduct a probe into the incident and
“put in place mechanisms to ensure the death of innocent bystanders does not
happen again.”<br />
<br />
CCHR also called on the government to “ensure that all businesses operating in
Cambodia respect the provisions in Cambodian law related to labor rights and
the right to freedom of association, including those to collective bargaining.”<br />
<br />
Legal demonstration<br />
<br />
Kong Athit, vice president of the Coalition of Cambodian Apparel Workers
Democratic Union (CCAWDU) told RFA’s Khmer Service that the violence was
sparked by the police who used water cannons to disperse the protesters.<br />
<br />
“The police wanted to shut down a legal demonstration—this factor provoked
violence,” he said, adding that workers had asked them ahead of time not to
block their march to Hun Sen’s home.<br />
<br />
“The authorities abused their power and did not protect the workers.”<br />
<br />
Kong Athit said the protesting workers had not been paid since August, when
they first began to hold demonstrations, and that the factory had also refused
to comply with earlier orders by Hun Sen to address their demands, which drove
them to strike again on Tuesday.<br />
<br />
“The factory looks down on the government’s solution,” he said.<br />
<br />
In addition to demands over pay, the workers have complained that the factory
refused to remove a recently appointed manager which they say has repeatedly
threatened them.<br />
<br />
SL Garment director Iev Chansorn confirmed that the workers went on strike and
held a demonstration after the factory refused to pay them according to their
demands.<br />
<br />
He added that the factory manager they have demanded removed from his position
is a co-owner and cannot be asked to leave.<br />
<br />
Call for justice<br />
<br />
Vong Voleak, the daughter of rice vendor Eng Sokhum, who died from her gunshot
wound, told RFA that her family wanted justice from the authorities.<br />
<br />
“She was selling rice [inside her shop] when she was shot,” she said, adding
that the authorities later accused her mother of having been one of the
protesters who battled against police in the clash—a claim she denied.<br />
<br />
“There is no use filing a complaint with the police … [they even] threatened me
and accused me of being a demonstrator.”<br />
<br />
In a statement signed by Cambodia’s top cop Neth Savoeun, who is also Hun Sen’s
nephew-in-law, the National Police Commission expressed regret over the
violence, but said that authorities had been forced to act in self-defense
against “opportunists” who initiated the clashes.<br />
<br />
“Some opportunists who are not workers incited violence against the military by
throwing rocks, using slingshots and burning police vehicles. They took five
officers hostage inside a pagoda when the police tried to do their work
protecting the security of the demonstrators,” the statement said.<br />
<br />
“This forced the police to take appropriate measures of self-defense to prevent
the escalation of violence and also to protect the workers who protested
peacefully.”<br />
<br />
The commission said that two police cars, two motorbikes and two fire trucks
were damaged.<br />
<br />
The National Police Commission vowed to “take action to investigate the case.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
Around a half million people work in Cambodia’s garment industry, which earns
some U.S. $4.6 billion a year producing goods for Western clothing firms, but
workers often work long shifts for little pay, trade unions complain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
It is the country's biggest employer and key export earner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-54781209717097192612013-11-13T09:17:00.000+07:002013-11-13T09:17:27.134+07:00One Killed, Several Injured During Garment Factory Protest<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Source from Cambodia Daily<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/mech-dara/" title="Posts by Mech Dara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mech Dara</span></a> and <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/lauren-crothers/" title="Posts by Lauren Crothers"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lauren Crothers</span></a> - November 12, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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title=""A protester throws a rock at a police truck that was overturned and set on fire during a violent confrontation between workers from the S.L. Garment factory and security forces in Phnom Penh's Meanchey district. (Lauren Crothers/The Cambodia Daily)""
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One woman was killed, several others
injured and more than two dozen people arrested, including Buddhist monks,
after violence erupted Tuesday morning in Phnom Penh’s Meanchey district
between protesting garment factory workers and security forces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two police vehicles and at least two
police motorcycles were torched after hundreds of garment workers from the S.L.
Garment factory attempted to march to Prime Minister Hun Sen’s residence in the
city, but riot police blocked their route. During the clashes, six police
officers were trapped in a room inside the Stung Meanchey pagoda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rice vendor Eng Sokhom, 49, who was
not taking part in the protest, was shot and killed during the clashes, rights
workers said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The slain woman’s son, Vong Panha,
21, told reporters at the hospital that his mother, who worked near the Stung
Meanchey pagoda, was a bystander when she was shot in the chest during the
clashes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Cambodia Daily journalist
witnessed at least four police officers firing their pistols in the direction
of the protestors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. Sun Eang, speaking at the
Khmer-Soviet Friendship Hospital, said Eng Sokhom was dead on arrival at the
hospital and that her body had been placed in the morgue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Am Sam Ath, head of monitoring at
local rights group Licadho, confirmed that the dead woman was not involved in
the protest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chan Soveth, monitor for local
rights group Adhoc, said police arrested at least 27 people, five of them
monks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the clashes, which happened
in waves, riot police fired rounds of 38-mm rubber baton rounds, live bullets
and tear gas. Protesters threw rocks, as did the police.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Cambodia Daily journalist also
witnessed a man who appeared to have been shot in the leg by police gunfire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The workers at the S.L. Garment
factory have been on strike since early August to demand a pay raise and the
removal of plain-clothes military police officers who are providing security at
the factory, as well as the reinstatement of a work schedule that includes
half-hour meal breaks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The S.L. factory makes clothing for
both Gap and H&M.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-26424301033539352612013-11-12T16:20:00.002+07:002013-11-12T16:30:53.962+07:00Interpretation of the 1962 Judgment.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i>Interpretation of the 1962
Judgment. <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Role of the Court under Article 60
of the Statute </i> <i>Relationship between operative clause and reasoning in
original judgment </i> <i>Role of pleadings, evidence and submissions of
Parties in original case </i> <i>Principle of </i>non ultra petita <i>Nature
and purpose of headnote </i> <i>Conduct of the parties occurring after
original judgment given. </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Principal features of the 1962
Judgment. </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Role of Annex I map in reasoning
of the Court </i> <i>Submissions of the Parties </i> <i>Subject-matter of the
dispute before the Court </i> <i>Court concerned with question of sovereignty
over the Temple area and not frontier delimitation. </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Operative part of the 1962
Judgment. </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>First operative paragraph of the
1962 Judgment clear in meaning </i> <i>Temple situated in territory under
sovereignty of Cambodia </i> <i>Scope of this operative paragraph to be
assessed in light of the Court’s examination of the second and third operative
paragraphs. </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Second operative paragraph of the
1962 Judgment </i> <i>No express indication of territory from which Thailand
was required to withdraw </i> <i>Term “vicinity on Cambodian territory” to be
construed as extending at least to area where Thai personnel stationed </i> <i>1962
Thai Council of Ministers’ line </i> <i>Natural understanding of concept of
“vicinity” of Temple in view of geographical context </i> <i>Phnom Trap
outside Temple area </i> <i>1962 Judgment required Thailand to withdraw from
whole territory of promontory of Preah Vihear. </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Operative part of the 1962
Judgment to be considered as a whole </i> <i>Territorial scope of the three
operative paragraphs is the same. <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Determination of boundary line
between Cambodia and Thailand beyond scope of 1962 Judgment </i> <i>Not
necessary for the Court to consider whether Thailand’s obligation to withdraw
is a continuing one </i> <i>Territorial integrity of a State must be
respected. <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Temple of Preah Vihear a UNESCO
world heritage site </i> <i>Cambodia and Thailand must co-operate to protect
the site </i> <i>Each State under obligation not to take any deliberate
measures which might damage Temple </i> <i>Access to Temple from the Cambodian
plain to be ensured. <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>JUDGMENT </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Present: President </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TOMKA;
<i>Vice-President </i>SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR; <i>Judges </i>OWADA, ABRAHAM, KEITH, BENNOUNA,
SKOTNIKOV, CANÇADO TRINDADE, YUSUF, GREENWOOD, XUE, DONOGHUE, GAJA, SEBUTINDE,
BHANDARI; <i>Judges </i>ad hoc GUILLAUME, COT; <i>Registrar </i>COUVREUR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
In the case concerning the Request
for interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>between </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
the Kingdom of Cambodia, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
represented by <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. Mr. Hor Namhong, Deputy Prime
Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Agent; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. Mr. Var Kimhong, Minister of
State, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Deputy Agent; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. Mr. Long Visalo, Secretary of
State at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Raoul Marc Jennar, Expert, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. Mr. Hem Saem, Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of Cambodia to the Kingdom of
the Netherlands, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. Mr. Sarun Rithea, Adviser to the
Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Hoy Pichravuth, Assistant to the
Deputy Prime Minister, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Advisers; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Jean-Marc Sorel, Professor of
International Law at the University of Paris I (Panthéon-Sorbonne), <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Sir Franklin Berman, K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
member of the English Bar, member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Visiting Professor of International Law at Oxford University and the University
of Cape Town, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, <i>avocat à la
cour d’appel de Paris</i>, member of the New York Bar, Eversheds LLP (Paris), <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Counsel and Advocates; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Guillaume Le Floch, Professor at
the University of Rennes 1, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Ms Amal Alamuddin, member of the
English and the New York Bars, <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Ms Naomi Briercliffe, solicitor
(England and Wales), Eversheds LLP (Paris), <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">as Counsel;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>and </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
the Kingdom of Thailand, <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
represented by <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. Mr. Virachai Plasai, Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of Thailand to the Kingdom of
the Netherlands, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Agent; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Voradet Viravakin,
Director-General, Department of Treaties and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Deputy Agent; <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. Mr. Surapong Tovichakchaikul,
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. Mr. Phongthep Thepkanjana,
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
H.E. A.C.M. Sukumpol Suwanatat,
Minister of Defence, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Thana Duangratana, Vice-Minister
attached to the Office of the Prime Minister, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Sihasak Phuangketkeow, Permanent
Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Nuttavudh Photisaro, Deputy
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
General Nipat Thonglek, Deputy
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Defence, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Lieutenant General Nopphadon
Chotsiri, Director-General, Royal Thai Survey Department, Royal Thai Armed
Forces Headquarters, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Chukiert Ratanachaichan,
Deputy-Secretary-General, Office of the Council of State, Office of the Prime
Minister, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Jumpon Phansumrit, Expert Public
Prosecutor, Office of Policy and Strategy, Office of the Attorney General, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Darm Boontham, Director, Boundary
Division, Department of Treaties and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A.,
Whewell Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge, member of the
Institut de droit international, Barrister, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr. Donald McRae, Hyman
Soloway Professor, University of Ottawa, Member of the International Law
Commission, associate member of the Institut de droit international, member of
the Ontario Bar,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the
University Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense, President of the Société française
pour le droit international, associate member of the Institut de droit
international, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Thomas Grant, member of the New
York Bar, Senior Research Associate, Lauterpacht Centre for International Law,
University of Cambridge, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Ms Alina Miron, Researcher, Centre de
droit international de Nanterre (CEDIN), University Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Counsel; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Alastair Macdonald, M.B.E.,
Honorary Fellow, International Boundaries Research Unit, Department of
Geography, Durham University, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Martin Pratt, Director of
Research, International Boundaries Research Unit, Department of Geography,
Durham University, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Expert Advisers; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Ludovic Legrand, Researcher,
Centre de droit international de Nanterre (CEDIN), University Paris Ouest,
Nanterre-La Défense, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
as Assistant Counsel, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
THE COURT, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
composed as above, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
after deliberation, <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>delivers the following Judgment: </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
1. On 28 April 2011, the Kingdom of
Cambodia (hereinafter “Cambodia”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application
instituting proceedings in which, referring to Article 60 of the Statute of the
Court and Article 98 of the Rules of Court, Cambodia requests the Court to
interpret the Judgment which it delivered on 15 June 1962 in the case
concerning the <i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand) </i>(hereinafter
the “1962 Judgment”). Cambodia on the same day, referring to Article 41 of the
Statute and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, also filed a request for the
indication of provisional measures in order to “cause [the] incursions [by
Thailand] onto its territory to cease”. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. In accordance with
Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar communicated the
Application forthwith to the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand (hereinafter
“Thailand”); and, pursuant to paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the Application. Pursuant
to Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar transmitted a
certified copy of the request for the indication of provisional measures to
Thailand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
3. Since the Court included upon the
Bench no judge of the nationality of either of the Parties, each Party
exercised its right, conferred by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to
choose a judge <i>ad hoc </i>to sit in the case; Cambodia chose Mr. Gilbert
Guillaume, and Thailand Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
4. By an Order of 18 July 2011, the
Court, after rejecting Thailand’s request for the case to be removed from the
General List of the Court, indicated the following provisional measures: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“(1) Both Parties shall immediately
withdraw their military personnel currently present in the provisional
demilitarized zone, as defined in paragraph 62 of the present Order, and
refrain from any military presence within that zone and from any armed activity
directed at that zone; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(2) Thailand shall not obstruct
Cambodia’s free access to the Temple of Preah Vihear or Cambodia’s provision of
fresh supplies to its non-military personnel in the Temple; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(3) Both Parties shall continue the
co-operation which they have entered into within ASEAN and, in particular,
allow the observers appointed by that organization to have access to the
provisional demilitarized zone; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(4) Both Parties shall refrain from
any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make
it more difficult to resolve.” (<i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment
of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning </i>the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia
<i>v. </i>Thailand) <i>(Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand), Provisional Measures,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II)</i>, pp. 555-556, para. 69, points B.1 to 4 of the
operative part.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
It further decided that “each Party
shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above provisional
measures” and that, “until the Court has rendered its judgment on the request
for interpretation, it shall remain seised of the matters which form the
subject of this Order” (<i>ibid.</i>, points C and D of the operative part). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
5. Thailand filed written
observations on Cambodia’s Request for interpretation within the time-limit
fixed by the Court for that purpose, in accordance with Article 98, paragraph
3, of the Rules of Court. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
6. The Court decided to afford the
Parties the opportunity of furnishing further written explanations, pursuant to
Article 98, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. Each of the Parties filed such
further explanations within the time-limits prescribed by the Court. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. The Court also
decided, in response to a request from Thailand to which Cambodia did not
object, to give the Parties an opportunity to provide further oral explanations
under Article 98, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
8. In accordance with Article 53,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court decided, after ascertaining the
views of the Parties, that copies of the pleadings and documents annexed would
be made accessible to the public on the opening of the oral proceedings. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
9. Public hearings were held from 15
to 19 April 2013, at which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>For Cambodia: </i>H.E. Mr. Hor
Namhong, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Jean-Marc Sorel, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Sir Franklin Berman, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Rodman Bundy. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>For Thailand: </i>H.E. Mr.
Virachai Plasai, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Donald McRae, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Ms Alina Miron, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. Alain Pellet, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mr. James Crawford. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
10. At the hearings, a Member of the
Court put a question to the Parties, to which replies were given orally and in
writing, in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court.
Pursuant to Article 72 of the Rules of Court, each Party presented written
observations on the written replies received from the other. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
*<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
11. In the Application, Cambodia
presented the following claims: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“Given that ‘the Temple of Preah
Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia’ (first
paragraph of the operative clause [of the 1962 Judgment]), which is the legal
consequence of the fact that the Temple is situated on the Cambodian side of
the frontier, as that frontier was recognized by the Court in its Judgment, and
on the basis of the facts and arguments set forth above, Cambodia respectfully
asks the Court to adjudge and declare that: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The obligation
incumbent upon Thailand to ‘withdraw any military or police forces, or other
guards or keepers, stationed by her at the Temple, or in its vicinity on
Cambodian territory’ (second paragraph of the operative clause [of the 1962
Judgment]) is a particular consequence of the general and continuing obligation
to respect the integrity of the territory of Cambodia, that territory having
been delimited in the region of the Temple and its vicinity by the line on the
Annex I map, on which the Judgment of the Court is based.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
12. In the written proceedings, the
Parties made the following submissions: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>On behalf of the Government of
Cambodia, </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
in the further explanations presented
on 8 March 2012: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“On the basis of the facts and
arguments set out in its Application for interpretation and in this Response,
Cambodia respectfully asks the Court to adjudge and declare: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(i) that the submissions made to the
Court by each of the two Parties show, both in the light of the facts and in
themselves, that the Parties are in disagreement regarding the meaning and
scope of the 1962 Judgment; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(ii) that the disputes between the
Parties concern both the first and second paragraphs of the <i>dispositif </i>of
the 1962 Judgment, as well as the link between those two paragraphs; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(iii) that the dispute relating to
the first paragraph concerns the meaning and scope of the Court’s use of the
term ‘territory’ (‘is situated in territory under the sovereignty of
Cambodia’), particularly in connection with the Court’s decisions regarding the
legal status of the Annex I map as representing the frontier between the two
States; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(iv) that the dispute relating to the
second paragraph concerns the meaning and scope of the Court’s use of the terms
‘vicinity’ and ‘territory’ (‘at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian
territory’); <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(v) that the dispute relating to the
link between the two paragraphs relates to the question of whether the second
paragraph must be read in the light of the first paragraph, or whether the
particular terms employed by the Court in the second paragraph must be read as
seeking to limit the general scope of the first paragraph; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(vi) that each of those disputes
concerns matters decided by the Court with binding force in the Judgment; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(vii) that on account of the terms
used and given the context (specifically, the Court’s decision concerning the
legal status of the Annex I map as representing the frontier between the two
States), the first paragraph of the <i>dispositif </i>must be understood as
determining, with binding force, that all of the disputed area that lies on the
Cambodian side of the line on the Annex I map — including, therefore, the
Temple of Preah Vihear itself — is to be regarded as falling under Cambodian
sovereignty; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(viii) that on account of the terms
used and given the context (particularly the expression ‘in consequence’
linking it to the first paragraph), the second paragraph of the <i>dispositif </i>must
be understood as representing a particular consequence stemming from the
decision taken in the first paragraph, implying that the scope of the second
paragraph, both in space and in time, must be understood in the light of the
first paragraph; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(ix) that on account of the terms
used and given the context (particularly the link with the first paragraph, of
which it is a ‘consequence’), the second paragraph of the <i>dispositif </i>must
be understood as imposing on Thailand both an explicit obligation to withdraw
immediately to its own territory all military or police forces stationed at the
Temple or at nearby sites at that time and an implicit obligation not to send
those forces — or similar forces — back to the Temple or to nearby sites in the
Temple area, which must, on account of the terms used in the first paragraph of
the <i>dispositif</i>, be regarded as Cambodia’s sovereign territory. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
On that basis, Cambodia respectfully
asks the Court, under Article 60 of its Statute, to respond to the question
concerning the interpretation of its Judgment of 15 June 1962 set out in
paragraph 45 of the Application for interpretation filed on 28 April 2011,
namely: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
‘Given that “the Temple of Preah
Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia” (first
paragraph of the operative clause), which is the legal consequence of the fact
that the Temple is situated on the Cambodian side of the frontier, as that
frontier was recognized by the Court in its Judgment, and on the basis of the
facts and arguments set forth above, Cambodia respectfully asks the Court to
adjudge and declare that: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
The obligation incumbent upon
Thailand to “withdraw any military or police forces, or other guards or keepers,
stationed by her at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory”
(second paragraph of the operative clause) is a particular consequence of the
general and continuing obligation to respect the integrity of the territory of
Cambodia, that territory having been delimited in the region of the Temple and
its vicinity by the line on the Annex I map, on which the Judgment of the Court
is based.’” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>On behalf of the Government of
Thailand, </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
in the written observations presented
on 21 November 2011: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“The Kingdom of Thailand requests the
Court to adjudge and declare: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
that the Request of the Kingdom of
Cambodia asking the Court to interpret the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the case
concerning the <i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand) </i>under
Article 60 of the Statute of the Court does not satisfy the conditions laid
down in that Article and that, consequently, the Court has no jurisdiction to
respond to the Request and/or that the Request is inadmissible; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.9pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">in the alternative, that
there are no grounds to grant Cambodia’s Request to construe the Judgment and
that there is no reason to interpret the Judgment of 1962; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> in
the further alternative, that the 1962 Judgment does not determine that the
line on the Annex I map is the boundary line between the Kingdom of Thailand
and the Kingdom of Cambodia.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">in
the further explanations presented on 21 June 2012: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“In
view of the reasons given above and its Written Observations of 21 November
2011, the Kingdom of Thailand requests the Court to adjudge and declare: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> that the Request of the
Kingdom of Cambodia asking the Court to interpret the Judgment of 15 June 1962
in the case concerning the <i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand)
</i>under Article 60 of the Statute of the Court does not satisfy the conditions
laid down in that Article and that, consequently, the Court has no jurisdiction
to respond to that Request and/or that the Request is inadmissible; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> in the alternative, that
there are no grounds to grant Cambodia’s Request to construe the Judgment and
that there is no reason to interpret the Judgment of 1962; and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> to
formally declare that the 1962 Judgment does not determine that the line on the
Annex I map is the boundary line between the Kingdom of Thailand and the
Kingdom of Cambodia.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.
At the oral proceedings, the following final submissions were presented by the
Parties: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">On
behalf of the Government of Cambodia, </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">at
the hearing of 18 April 2013: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“
Rejecting the submissions of the Kingdom of Thailand, and on the basis of the
foregoing, Cambodia respectfully asks the Court, under Article 60 of its
Statute, to respond to Cambodia’s request for interpretation of its Judgment of
15 June 1962. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In
Cambodia’s view: ‘the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the
sovereignty of Cambodia’ (first paragraph of the operative clause), which is
the legal consequence of the fact that the Temple is situated on the Cambodian
side of the frontier, as that frontier was recognized by the Court in its
Judgment. Therefore, the obligation incumbent upon Thailand to ‘withdraw any
military or police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed by her at the
Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory’ (second paragraph of the
operative clause) is a particular consequence of the general and continuing
obligation to respect the integrity of the territory of Cambodia, that
territory having been delimited in the region of the Temple and its vicinity by
the line on the Annex I map, on which the Judgment of the Court is based.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>On behalf of the Government of
Thailand, </i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
at the hearing of 19 April 2013: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“In accordance with Article 60 of the
Rules of Court and having regard to the Request for Interpretation of the
Kingdom of Cambodia and its written and oral pleadings, and in view of the
written and oral pleadings of the Kingdom of Thailand, the Kingdom of Thailand
requests the Court to adjudge and declare: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.8pt;">
that the
Request of the Kingdom of Cambodia asking the Court to interpret the Judgment
of 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the <i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v.
<i>Thailand) </i>under Article 60 of the Statute of the Court does not satisfy
the conditions laid down in that Article and that, consequently, the Court has
no jurisdiction to respond to that Request and/or that the Request is
inadmissible; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.8pt;">
in the
alternative, that there are no grounds to grant Cambodia’s Request to construe
the Judgment and that there is no reason to interpret the Judgment of 1962; and
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
to formally declare that the 1962
Judgment does not determine with binding force the boundary line between the
Kingdom of Thailand and the Kingdom of Cambodia, nor does it fix the limit of
the vicinity of the Temple.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
* <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
* * <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
14. The Temple of Preah Vihear is
situated on a promontory of the same name in the eastern part of the Dangrek
range of mountains, “which, in a general way, constitutes the boundary between
the two countries in this region Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the
north” (<i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand), Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p. 15). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
15. On 13 February 1904, France (of
which Cambodia was then a protectorate) and Siam (as Thailand was then called)
concluded a treaty (hereinafter the “1904 Treaty”) which specified that the
frontier in the Dangrek sector was to follow the watershed line “between the
basins of the Nam Sen and the Mekong, on the one hand, and the Nam Moun, on the
other hand”. The 1904 Treaty provided for the establishment of Mixed
Commissions composed of officers appointed by the two Parties and responsible
for delimiting the frontier between the two territories. The first Mixed
Commission was thus established in 1904. The final stage of the operation of
delimitation was to be the preparation and publication of maps, a task assigned
to a team of four French officers, three of whom had been members of the Mixed
Commission. In 1907, that team prepared a series of 11 maps covering a large
part of the frontiers between Siam and French Indo-China (of which Cambodia
formed part). In particular, it drew up a map entitled “Dangrek Commission of
Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam”, on which the frontier passed to the
north of Preah Vihear, thus leaving the Temple in Cambodia. That map was duly
communicated to the Siamese Government in 1908, but was never approved by the
Mixed Commission which had ceased to function some months before the production
of the map (see <i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p. 21). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
16. Following Cambodia’s independence
on 9 November 1953, Thailand occupied the Temple of Preah Vihear in 1954.
Negotiations between the parties regarding the Temple were unsuccessful and, on
6 October 1959, Cambodia seised the Court by unilateral application. Thailand
filed preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
17. In its Judgment of 26 May 1961 on
Thailand’s preliminary objections, the Court found that it had jurisdiction to
entertain the dispute concerning the <i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v.
<i>Thailand) </i>and set out the subject-matter of that dispute in the
following terms: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“In the present case, Cambodia
alleges a violation on the part of Thailand of Cambodia’s territorial
sovereignty over the region of the Temple of Preah Vihear and its precincts.
Thailand replies by affirming that the area in question lies on the Thai side
of the common frontier between the two countries, and is under the sovereignty
of Thailand. This is a dispute about territorial sovereignty.” (<i>I.C.J.
Reports 1961</i>, p. 22.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
18. During the merits phase, Cambodia
relied upon the map referred to in paragraph 15 above, which was annexed to its
pleadings and was referred to as the “Annex I map”. Cambodia argued that this
map had been accepted by Thailand and had entered into the treaty settlement,
thereby becoming binding on the two States. According to Cambodia, the line
shown on the map (hereinafter “the Annex I map line”) had thus become the
frontier between the two States. Thailand denied that it had accepted the Annex
I map, or that the map had otherwise become binding upon it, and maintained
that the boundary between the two States followed the watershed line, as
provided in the text of the 1904 Treaty, with the result, according to
Thailand, that the Temple lay in Thai territory (cf. <i>Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p.
21). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
19. In the 1959 Application and its
Memorial, Cambodia asked the Court to rule: (1) that Thailand was under an
obligation to withdraw the detachments of its armed forces stationed in the
ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear and (2) that the territorial sovereignty
over the Temple of Preah Vihear belonged to Cambodia (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 9). In
its final submissions presented at the conclusion of the oral proceedings in
1962, however, Cambodia went further, asking the Court to rule: (1) that the
Annex I map had been drawn up and published in the name and on behalf of the
Mixed Commission set up by the 1904 Treaty, that it set forth the decisions
taken by the said Commission and that, by reason of that fact and also of the
subsequent agreements and conduct of the Parties, it presented a treaty
character; (2) that the frontier line between Cambodia and Thailand, in the
disputed region in the neighbourhood of the Temple, was the Annex I map line;
(3) that the Temple of Preah Vihear was situated in territory under Cambodian
sovereignty; (4) that Thailand was under an obligation to withdraw the
detachments of armed forces it had stationed since 1954 in Cambodian territory
in the ruins of the Temple; and (5) that Thailand must return property removed
from the Temple since 1954 (<i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p. 11). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
20. In its Judgment on the merits,
delivered on 15 June 1962, the Court stated that “the subject of the dispute
submitted to the Court [was] confined to a difference of view about sovereignty
over the region of the Temple of Preah Vihear” (<i>Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p.
14). For that reason, the Court concluded that Cambodia’s first and second
final submissions could be entertained “only to the extent that they give
expression to grounds, and not as claims to be dealt with in the operative
provisions of the Judgment” (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 36). In its reasoning, the Court
stated that, in 1908-1909, Thailand had accepted the Annex I map “as
representing the outcome of the work of delimitation, and hence recognized the
line on that map as being the frontier line, the effect of which is to situate
Preah Vihear in Cambodian territory” (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 32). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
21. The operative part of the
Judgment reads as follows: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“The Court, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
[1] by nine votes to three, finds
that the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty
of Cambodia; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
finds in consequence <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
[2] by nine votes to three, that
Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw any military or police forces, or
other guards or keepers, stationed by her at the Temple, or in its vicinity on
Cambodian territory; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
[3] by seven votes to five, that
Thailand is under an obligation to restore to Cambodia any objects of the kind
specified in Cambodia’s fifth Submission which may, since the date of the
occupation of the Temple by Thailand in 1954, have been removed from the Temple
or the Temple area by the Thai authorities.” (<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 36-37.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">22. Following the
delivery of the 1962 Judgment, Thailand withdrew from the Temple buildings. It
erected a barbed wire fence which divided the Temple ruins from the rest of the
promontory of Preah Vihear. This fence followed the course of a line
(hereinafter sometimes referred to as the “Thai Council of Ministers’ line”)
depicted on the map attached to a resolution, adopted by the Council of
Ministers of Thailand on 10 July 1962 but not made public until the present
proceedings. By that resolution, the Thai Council of Ministers fixed what it
considered to be the limits of the area from which Thailand was required to
withdraw.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
23. On 5 January 1963, the Head of
State of Cambodia, Prince Sihanouk, and a large party of Cambodian officials
and monks, as well as diplomatic representatives of other States, visited the
Temple. During the course of this visit, they remained within the area enclosed
by the barbed wire fence. The events of this period are considered in
paragraphs 38 to 42 below. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
24. On 21 June 1997, the Parties
established the “Thai-Cambodian Joint Commission on Demarcation for Land
Boundary”, entrusting it with the task “of placing markers in order to indicate
the land boundary between the two countries”. On 14 June 2000, they concluded a
“Memorandum of Understanding on the Survey and Demarcation of the Land
Boundary” (hereinafter the “Memorandum of Understanding”), which provided for
the demarcation of the frontier line between the two States and included, in
particular, the terms of reference for the work of the Thai-Cambodian Joint
Commission on Demarcation for Land Boundary. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
25. In 2007, Cambodia requested that
the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribe the site of the Temple of Preah
Vihear on the World Heritage List established under the provisions of the 1972
Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
(hereinafter the “World Heritage Convention”). To that end, it communicated to
the Committee, in accordance with the Guidelines for the Implementation of the
World Heritage Convention adopted by the Committee, a map depicting the site of
the property. Cambodia included on the map what it considered to be the course
of the frontier separating it from Thailand, the actual site of the monument
and a buffer zone (described in the Committee’s Guidelines as “an area
surrounding the nominated property which has complementary legal and/or
customary restrictions placed on its use and development to give an added layer
of protection to the property”). According to that map, the entire promontory
of Preah Vihear, as well as the hill of Phnom Trap1 immediately to the west of
the promontory, were within Cambodian territory. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
26. On 17 May 2007, Thailand
contested that map by means of an aide-memoire, which it sent to Cambodia and
to the World Heritage Committee, to which it attached its own map showing the
international boundary between the two States as following the line drawn on
the map attached to the 1962 Resolution of the Thai Council of Ministers (see
paragraph 22 above). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
27. On 7 July 2008, the World
Heritage Committee decided to inscribe the site of the Temple of Preah Vihear
on the World Heritage List, albeit with what the Committee described as “a
revised graphic plan of the property”, which excluded the area disputed between
Cambodia and Thailand. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">28. Following the
Temple’s inscription on that List, a number of armed incidents took place in
the border area close to the Temple. On 14 February 2011, the United Nations
Security Council called for a permanent ceasefire to be established and
expressed its support for the efforts of the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
***1 In the original proceedings, and
in the 1962 Judgment, the spelling used was “Pnom”. However, the spelling
“Phnom” is the one generally used today. It has therefore been employed in the
present Judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Association of South-East Asian
Nations (“ASEAN”) to find a solution to the conflict. The Chair of ASEAN,
Indonesia, was subsequently invited by Cambodia and by Thailand to send
observers to the affected border areas so as to avoid further armed clashes.
This invitation was welcomed by the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN and their
representatives but was not acted upon. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
29. It is recalled that, on 28 April
2011, Cambodia filed a Request for interpretation of the 1962 Judgment,
together with a request for the indication of provisional measures (see
paragraph 1 above). In its Order of 18 July 2011 on provisional measures, the
Court found that there existed, prima facie, a dispute within the meaning of
Article 60 of the Statute and indicated provisional measures which, in
particular, required both Parties to withdraw their military personnel from a
“provisional demilitarized zone” around the Temple, as defined by the Court (<i>Request
for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning </i>the
Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia <i>v. </i>Thailand) <i>(Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand),
Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II)</i>, p.
537) (see paragraph 4 above). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>II. JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY
</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
30. The Court will first determine
whether it has jurisdiction over the Request for interpretation submitted by
Cambodia and, if so, whether this Request is admissible. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>1. Jurisdiction of the Court under
Article 60 of the Statute </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
31. Cambodia submitted its Request
for interpretation pursuant to Article 60 of the Statute of the Court (see
paragraph 29 above). That Article provides that <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“The judgment is final and without
appeal. In the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the
Court shall construe it upon the request of any party.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
This provision is supplemented by
Article 98, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, which stipulates that “[i]n the
event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of a judgment any party may make a
request for its interpretation . . .”. Further, Article 98, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court, requires a party to indicate in its request for interpretation
“the precise point or points in dispute as to the meaning or scope of the
judgment”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">32. The Court begins by
recalling that “[its] jurisdiction on the basis of Article 60 of the Statute is
not preconditioned by the existence of any other basis of jurisdiction as
between the parties to the original case” and that “by virtue of Article 60 of
the Statute, [the Court] may entertain a request for interpretation provided
that there is a ‘dispute as to the meaning or scope’ of any judgment rendered
by it” (<i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the
Case concerning </i>the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia <i>v. </i>Thailand) <i>(Cambodia
</i>v. <i>Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J.
Reports 2011 (II)</i>, p. 542, para. 21; <i>Request for Interpretation of the
Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning </i>Avena and Other Mexican
Nationals (Mexico <i>v. </i>United States of America) <i>(Mexico </i>v. <i>United
States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 July 2008, I.C.J. Reports
2008</i>, p. 323, paras. 44 and 46; <i>Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009</i>, p. 9,
paras. 15-16).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
33. The Court also recalls that,
while the English text of Article 60 uses the term “dispute”, which also
appears in the English text of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the
French text of Article 60 uses the term “contestation”, which has a broader
meaning than “différend”, the term used in the French text of Article 36,
paragraph 2. The Court further recalls that “a dispute within the meaning of
Article 60 of the Statute must be understood as a difference of opinion or
views between the parties as to the meaning or scope of a judgment rendered by
the Court” (<i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in
the Case concerning </i>the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia <i>v. </i>Thailand)
<i>(Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II)</i>, p. 542, para. 22). As the Court has previously
confirmed, the existence of a dispute under Article 60 of the Statute “does not
require the same criteria to be fulfilled as those determining the existence of
a dispute under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute” (<i>ibid</i>.; see
also <i>Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment
No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13</i>, pp. 10-12; <i>Request for
Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning </i>Avena
and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico <i>v. </i>United States of America) <i>(Mexico
</i>v. <i>United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 July
2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008</i>, p. 325, para. 53). Furthermore, it is not
required that a dispute as to the meaning and scope of a judgment “should have
manifested itself in a formal way; . . . it should be sufficient if the two
Governments have in fact shown themselves as holding opposite views in regard
to the meaning or scope of a judgment of the Court” (<i>Interpretation of
Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 13</i>, p. 11; see also <i>Application for Revision and
Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the case concerning the </i>Continental
Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) <i>(Tunisia </i>v. <i>Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985</i>, pp. 217-218, para. 46; <i>Request
for Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning </i>Avena
and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico <i>v. </i>United States of America) <i>(Mexico
</i>v. <i>United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 July
2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008</i>, pp. 325-326, para. 54). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">34. In accordance with the
jurisprudence of the Court, “a dispute within the meaning of Article 60 of the
Statute must relate to the operative clause of the judgment in question and
cannot concern the reasons for the judgment except in so far as these are
inseparable from the operative clause” (<i>Request for Interpretation of the
Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning </i>the Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia <i>v. </i>Thailand) <i>(Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand), Provisional
Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II)</i>, p. 542, para.
23; see also <i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in
the Case concerning the </i>Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and
Nigeria (Cameroon <i>v. </i>Nigeria), Preliminary Objections <i>(Nigeria </i>v.
<i>Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I)</i>, p. 35, para. 10; <i>Request
for Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning </i>Avena
and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico <i>v. </i>United States of America) <i>(Mexico
</i>v. <i>United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 16 July 2008,
I.C.J. Reports 2008</i>, p. 323, para. 47) or, in the words of the Permanent
Court, constitute “a condition essential to the Court’s decision” (<i>Interpretation
of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13</i>, p. 20). That said, “a difference of opinion as
to whether a particular point has or has not been decided with binding force
also constitutes a case which comes within the terms of Article 60 of the
Statute” (<i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the
Case concerning </i>the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia <i>v. </i>Thailand) <i>(Cambodia
</i>v. <i>Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011, I.C.J.
Reports 2011 (II)</i>, p. 544, para. 31; see also <i>Interpretation of
Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 13</i>, pp. 11-12).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
35. In its Order on provisional
measures in the present case, the Court observed that “a difference of opinion
or views appears to exist between [the Parties] as to the meaning or scope of
the 1962 Judgment” and that “this difference appears to relate” to three
specific aspects of that Judgment:</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“in the first place, to the meaning
and scope of the phrase ‘vicinity on Cambodian territory’ used in the second
paragraph of the operative clause of the Judgment . . . next, to the nature of
the obligation imposed on Thailand, in the second paragraph of the operative
clause of the Judgment, to ‘withdraw any military or police forces, or other
guards or keepers’, and, in particular, to the question of whether this
obligation is of a continuing or an instantaneous character; and . . . finally,
to the question of whether the Judgment did or did not recognize with binding
force the line shown on the Annex I map as representing the frontier between
the two Parties . . .” (<i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June
1962 in the Case concerning </i>the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia <i>v. </i>Thailand)
<i>(Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 July 2011,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (II)</i>, p. 544, para. 31). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
36. The Court stated, however, that
the decision rendered on the request for the indication of provisional measures
“in no way prejudge[d] any question that the Court may have to deal with
relating to the Request for interpretation” (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 554, para. 68).
Accordingly, the Court must at this stage determine whether a dispute indeed
exists between the Parties as to the meaning or scope of the operative clause
of the 1962 Judgment, and, if so, identify the precise point or points that
require interpretation. The Court will address these two questions in turn. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>A. The existence of a dispute </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
37. Cambodia maintains that the
Parties are in dispute as to the meaning and scope of the 1962 Judgment,
specifically in the following respects: <i>(a) </i>whether the Court in the
1962 Judgment did or did not recognize with binding force the Annex I map line
as constituting the frontier between the two Parties in the area of the Temple;
<i>(b) </i>whether or not the meaning and scope of the phrase “situated in
territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia” and the phrase “its vicinity on
Cambodian territory” included, respectively, in the first and second paragraphs
of the operative clause of the 1962 Judgment, must be understood by reference
to the line depicted on the Annex I map which the Court “recognized” as
constituting the frontier between the Parties in the area of the Temple; and <i>(c)
</i>whether or not Thailand’s obligation to withdraw from the area of “the
Temple [and] its vicinity on Cambodian territory”, deriving from the second
paragraph of the operative clause, is of a continuing character. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">38. Cambodia asserts
that this dispute emerged immediately after the 1962 Judgment. In particular,
Cambodia maintains that, immediately after the 1962 Judgment and throughout the
1960s, it continually protested against Thailand’s unilateral determination, in
July 1962, of the “vicinity of the Temple” (as manifested by the barbed wire
fence and notices erected by Thailand), and against Thailand’s view that the
geographical scope of its obligation to withdraw under the 1962 Judgment was
limited to the ruins of the Temple and the ground on which the Temple stood.
Cambodia emphasizes that in those protests it expressed its view that this
unilateral determination by Thailand was incompatible with the 1962 Judgment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
39. Cambodia acknowledges that it
made no protests either during the period of armed conflicts in Cambodia or
during the succeeding years when, according to Cambodia, Thailand refrained
from imposing its unilateral determination of the vicinity of the Temple.
Nonetheless, Cambodia contends that the dispute between the Parties concerning
this issue re-emerged in 2007-2008, following Cambodia’s request for the
inscription of the site of the Temple on the UNESCO World Heritage List, and
continued until the time of its Request for interpretation. Cambodia argues
that this dispute is evidenced by a series of incidents which occurred in the
vicinity of the Temple after 2008 and into early 2011, as well as by certain
events and statements of the Parties following Cambodia’s request for the
inscription of the site of the Temple on the UNESCO World Heritage List in
2007. In particular, Cambodia refers to the statements made by each Party in
their respective correspondence with the United Nations in the context of
Cambodia’s complaint concerning the alleged incursions of Thai forces into
Cambodian territory in the area of the Temple. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
40. For its part, Thailand denies the
existence of a dispute within the meaning of Article 60 of the Statute, since
the language of the 1962 Judgment is clear and in need of no interpretation.
Thailand asserts that Cambodia accepted (or, at least, did not contest) that
Thailand had implemented the 1962 Judgment by withdrawing to the Thai Council
of Ministers’ line. According to Thailand, the events and statements relied
upon by Cambodia in respect of the period following Cambodia’s request for the
inscription of the site of the Temple on the UNESCO World Heritage List reflect
only an ongoing delimitation dispute between the Parties. Noting that this
delimitation dispute was not part of the dispute before the Court in 1962 and
that the Court had expressly declined to pronounce upon it in the operative
part of the 1962 Judgment, Thailand argues that this issue cannot be brought
before the Court today in the context of proceedings under Article 60 of the
Statute. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
* <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
41. The Court observes that the
events and statements dating from the period immediately following the 1962
Judgment clearly demonstrate that Thailand was of the view that the Court had
left the term “vicinity of the Temple” in the second operative paragraph
undefined and that Thailand could thus determine unilaterally the limits of
that “vicinity”. In particular, this position is reflected in the 1962
Resolution of the Thai Council of Ministers which determined the <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“location of the limit
of the vicinity of the [Temple], from which Thailand has the obligation to
withdraw police forces, guards or keepers, on the principle that Cambodia will
only obtain the ruins of the [Temple] and the ground on which the Temple
stood”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
In implementation of this decision,
Thailand erected a barbed wire fence on the ground along the line determined by
the Resolution, and posted signs stating that “the vicinity of the Temple of
[Preah Vihear] does not extend beyond this limit”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
42. Contrary to Thailand’s
assertions, the record before the Court shows that Cambodia did not accept
Thailand’s withdrawal as fully implementing the 1962 Judgment. Rather, Cambodia
protested the Thai presence on territory which, according to Cambodia, the 1962
Judgment had recognized as Cambodian. Cambodia also complained that the barbed
wire fence erected by Thailand “encroach[ed] fairly significantly” upon that
territory in contravention of the Court’s Judgment. In particular, the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Cambodia in an aide-memoire issued in November 1962
stated, <i>inter alia</i>, that “this limit [of the temple zone]”, marked with
barbed wire, “was in complete disagreement with the Court’s decision which
confirmed the frontier as it appeared on the 1907 [Annex I] map”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
43. This divergence of views reappeared
in the Parties’ correspondence following Cambodia’s request for the inscription
of the site of the Temple on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2007-2008. For
instance, on 17 May 2007, the Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an
aide-memoire to the Cambodian Minister for Foreign Affairs and the World
Heritage Committee, objecting to “Cambodia’s nomination file . . . in
particular, the delineation of the indicative boundary line, the monumental
zone, and the development zone” depicted on the map attached to the file which,
in Thailand’s view, implied “the exercise of Cambodian sovereignty in the area
where [the two] countries assert different claims on boundary line”. Thailand
further contended that this depiction “cannot in any way prejudice the existing
international boundary between Thailand and Cambodia” as it appeared in
Thailand’s own map series L7017. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
44. On 18 and 19 July 2008, Cambodia
sent letters to the President of the Security Council and the President of the
General Assembly of the United Nations, stating <i>inter alia </i>that “[o]n 15
July 2008, about 50 Thai soldiers crossed into . . . Cambodia’s territory about
300 meters from the Temple of Preah Vihear”. Cambodia asserted that “[t]aking
into account [the 1962 Judgment of the Court], the only map which legally
delimits the border in the area of the Temple of Preah Vihear is the ‘Annex I
map’ based on which the Court made its judgment”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
In response, Thailand, in a letter
sent on 21 July 2008 to the President of the Security Council, stated <i>inter
alia </i>that “the area adjacent to the Temple of Preah Vihear . . . is part of
Thailand’s territory” and that “Thailand’s position in this regard is fully
consistent with the [1962 Judgment], which Thailand has fully and duly
implemented”. Thailand further stated that <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“Cambodia’s territorial
claim in this area is based on Cambodia’s unilateral understanding of the said
ICJ Judgment that a boundary line was determined by the Court in this Judgment.
Thailand <i>contests </i>this unilateral understanding since the ICJ ruled in
this case that it did not have jurisdiction over the question of land boundary </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">and did not in any case determine the
location of the boundary between Thailand and Cambodia . . . Taking into
account Article 59 of the Statute of the ICJ and the fact that the issue before
the ICJ in this case was limited solely to the question of sovereignty over the
region of the Temple of Preah Vihear, the boundary line claimed by Cambodia has
no legal status from the Judgment.” (Emphasis added.)</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
45. In the opinion of the Court,
these events and statements clearly demonstrate that at the time Cambodia filed
its Request for interpretation the Parties had a dispute as to the meaning and
scope of the 1962 Judgment. The Court now turns to the precise subject-matter
of this dispute in order to ascertain whether it falls within the scope of the
Court’s jurisdiction under Article 60 of the Statute. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>B. Subject-matter of the dispute
before the Court </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
46. In its final submissions Cambodia
expressed the view that <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“‘[t]he Temple of Preah Vihear is
situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia’ (first paragraph of
the operative clause), which is the legal consequence of the fact that the
Temple is situated on the Cambodian side of the frontier, as that frontier was
recognized by the Court in its Judgment. Therefore, the obligation incumbent
upon Thailand to ‘withdraw any military or police forces, or other guards or
keepers, stationed by her at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian
territory’ (second paragraph of the operative clause) is a particular
consequence of the general and continuing obligation to respect the integrity
of the territory of Cambodia, that territory having been delimited in the area
of the Temple and its vicinity by the line of the Annex I map, on which the
Judgment of the Court is based.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
47. In its final submissions,
Thailand requested the Court to adjudge and declare that <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“ the Request of the Kingdom of
Cambodia asking the Court to interpret the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the case
concerning the <i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand) </i>under
Article 60 of the Statute of the Court does not satisfy the conditions laid
down in that Article and that, consequently, the Court has no jurisdiction to
respond to that Request and/or that the Request is inadmissible; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.75pt;">
in the
alternative, that there are no grounds to grant Cambodia’s Request to construe
the Judgment and that there is no reason to interpret the Judgment of 1962; and
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
to formally declare that the 1962
Judgment does not determine with binding force the boundary line between the
Kingdom of Thailand and the Kingdom of Cambodia, nor does it fix the limit of
the vicinity of the Temple”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
48. The Court observes that both
Parties accept that there is a disagreement between them as to whether or not
the Court, in the 1962 Judgment, decided with binding force that the Annex I
map line represents the frontier between them in the area of the Temple. The
Parties’ divergence of views on this issue is further reflected in their positions
expressed in the events and statements analysed above (see paragraphs 41-44)
and clarified in the course of the present proceedings. Contrary to Thailand’s
assertions concerning the Court’s lack of jurisdiction in this regard, the
Court reiterates that “a difference of opinion as to whether a particular point
has or has not been decided with binding force also constitutes a case which
comes within the terms of Article 60 of the Statute” (see paragraph 34 above). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
49. Further, the Court considers that
the Parties’ positions, expressed during the period following the 1962 Judgment
as well as that following Cambodia’s request to have the site of the Temple
inscribed on the World Heritage List (see paragraphs 41-44 above) and in the
course of the present proceedings, also reveal their divergent views as to the
meaning and scope of the phrase “vicinity on Cambodian territory” in the second
operative paragraph of the 1962 Judgment and the relationship between that
paragraph and the Court’s finding, in the first operative paragraph, that the
Temple is situated in “territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia”. Cambodia
maintains that the Annex I map line necessarily determines the meaning and
scope of the operative clause since the Court’s recognition of that line as
representing the frontier between the Parties in the Temple area constituted
the “essential” reason underlying its conclusions therein. By contrast,
Thailand asserts that the Court’s reasoning concerning the Annex I map line
cannot be seen as “essential” and that it is therefore neither necessary nor
possible to resort to that reasoning in order to elucidate the meaning and
scope of the operative clause of the 1962 Judgment. Rather, Thailand asserts
that the terms “territory” and “vicinity” were not explicitly defined by the
Court and should be interpreted as strictly confined to the grounds on which
the Temple stands and its immediate surroundings the “Temple area”, as
defined by the 1962 Resolution of the Thai Council of Ministers. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
50. Finally, the Court turns to the
contention that the Parties disagree about the nature of Thailand’s obligation
to withdraw from “the Temple [and] its vicinity on Cambodian territory”,
deriving from the second paragraph of the operative clause of the 1962
Judgment. The correspondence of the Parties surrounding the inscription of the
site of the Temple on the World Heritage List, and the armed clashes that took
place in the border area close to the Temple (see paragraph 28 above), reveal
that the Parties disagreed, prior to the filing of Cambodia’s Request for
interpretation, about where Thai personnel could lawfully be located in the
light of the 1962 Judgment. That difference of views has been confirmed by the
written and oral arguments of the Parties in the present proceedings. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
51. According to Cambodia, Thailand’s
obligation to withdraw relates to an area which the Judgment had placed under
Cambodia’s sovereignty and must consequently be understood as having a
continuing character, in line with the general principle of respect for
territorial sovereignty and integrity of States. Thus, in its final
submissions, Cambodia claims that Thailand’s obligation to withdraw “is a
particular consequence of the general and continuing obligation to respect the integrity
of the territory of Cambodia” (see paragraph 13 above). Thailand accepts that
it has a “general and continuing obligation” under international law to respect
the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Cambodia. However, it rejects
Cambodia’s assertion that “the obligation to withdraw as specified in the
[1962] Judgment has the same character”. Rather, Thailand maintains that this
latter obligation applied to its relations with Cambodia only “in respect of
one place at one time” and that it fully discharged that obligation once it
withdrew from the vicinity of the Temple in accordance with the 1962 Resolution
of the Thai Council of Ministers. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
52. In the light of the above
considerations, the Court concludes that the dispute between the Parties as to
the meaning and scope of the 1962 Judgment relates to three specific aspects
thereof. First, there is a dispute over whether the 1962 Judgment did or did
not decide with binding force that the line depicted on the Annex I map
constitutes the frontier between the Parties in the area of the Temple.
Secondly, there is a closely related dispute concerning the meaning and scope
of the phrase “vicinity on Cambodian territory”, referred to in the second
operative paragraph of the 1962 Judgment, a paragraph which the Court stated was
a consequence of the finding, in the first operative paragraph, that the Temple
is situated in “territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia”. Lastly, there is
a dispute regarding the nature of Thailand’s obligation to withdraw imposed by
the second paragraph of the operative part. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>2. Admissibility of Cambodia’s
Request for interpretation </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
53. Thailand maintains that
Cambodia’s Request for interpretation is inadmissible since its real purpose is
not to obtain the Court’s interpretation of the 1962 Judgment but, rather, to
obtain the Court’s ruling on the Parties’ delimitation dispute in the area of
the Temple by having the Court recognize with binding force that the Annex I
map line constitutes their common frontier in that area. Thailand recalls that
the Court explicitly refused to pronounce on the Parties’ common frontier in
the Temple area in 1962 and asserts that it is therefore barred from
determining this question now, through the interpretation of the 1962 Judgment.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
54. Cambodia insists that it is not
requesting the Court to delimit any boundary between the Parties on the basis
of the Annex I map. Rather, it is “merely asking the Court to explain the
findings that it reached in its 1962 Judgment . . . in particular as regards
the relationship between those findings and the meaning and scope of the <i>dispositif
</i>of the Judgment”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">*</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;">55. The Court recalls that the
process of interpretation is premised upon the “primacy of the principle of </span><i style="line-height: 150%;">res
judicata</i><span style="line-height: 150%;">” which “must be maintained” (</span><i style="line-height: 150%;">Request for Interpretation of the
Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the </i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon </span><i style="line-height: 150%;">v. </i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections </span><i style="line-height: 150%;">(Nigeria </i><span style="line-height: 150%;">v. </span><i style="line-height: 150%;">Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I)</i><span style="line-height: 150%;">,
pp. 36-37, para. 12). Accordingly, as the Court has previously held:</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“[t]he real purpose of the request
must be to obtain an interpretation of the judgment. This signifies that its
object must be solely to obtain clarification of the meaning and the scope of
what the Court has decided with binding force, and not to obtain an answer to
questions not so decided. Any other construction of Article 60 of the Statute
would nullify the provision of the article that the judgment is final and
without appeal.” (<i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November
1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia </i>v. <i>Peru), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1950</i>,
p. 402; <i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the
Case concerning the </i>Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(Cameroon <i>v. </i>Nigeria), Preliminary Objections <i>(Nigeria </i>v. <i>Cameroon),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I)</i>, pp. 36-37, para. 12.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
56. Having regard to the Parties’
divergent views over the meaning and scope of the 1962 Judgment, identified
above (see paragraph 52), the Court considers that there is a need for the
interpretation of the second operative paragraph of the 1962 Judgment and of
the legal effect of what the Court said regarding the Annex I map line. Within
these limits, Cambodia’s Request is admissible. Nevertheless, in line with the
Court’s previous observation on this matter, in as far as Cambodia’s Request
for interpretation “may go further, and seek ‘to obtain an answer to questions
not [decided with binding force]’, or to achieve a revision of the Judgment, no
effect can be given to it” (<i>Application for Revision and Interpretation of
the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the </i>Continental
Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) <i>(Tunisia </i>v. <i>Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985</i>, p. 223, para. 56). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>3. Conclusion </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
57. In the light of the foregoing,
the Court concludes that a dispute exists between the Parties as to the meaning
and scope of the 1962 Judgment pursuant to Article 60 of the Statute.
Accordingly, the Court has jurisdiction to entertain Cambodia’s Request for
interpretation of the 1962 Judgment, and the Request is admissible. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>III. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE 1962
JUDGMENT </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
58. The Court now turns to the
interpretation of the 1962 Judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>1. Positions of the Parties </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
59. Cambodia maintains that the first
and second operative paragraphs of the Judgment are “symbiotically linked”: in
the first paragraph, the Court held that the Temple was “situated in territory
under the sovereignty of Cambodia”, while in the second paragraph it found, in consequence,
that Thailand was required to withdraw the personnel which it had stationed “at
the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory”. According to Cambodia,
the requirement to withdraw, in the second operative paragraph, can only be
understood as a requirement that Thailand should withdraw the personnel from
the Temple, and the Cambodian territory in its vicinity, to Thai territory and
that the Cambodian territory referred to in the second operative paragraph
coincides with the territory identified as being under Cambodian sovereignty in
the first operative paragraph. In Cambodia’s view, the obligation to withdraw
has a continuing character, in the sense that the requirement that Thailand
withdraw its forces implied an obligation not to return them at any future time
to the Cambodian territory identified in the Judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
60. For Cambodia, these findings in
the operative part are the consequence of the Court’s determination, in the
reasoning of the 1962 Judgment, that the Annex I map line constituted the
frontier between the Parties in the region of the Temple (see paragraph 20
above). Cambodia maintains that this part of the reasoning stated a condition
essential for the findings contained in the operative part of the 1962 Judgment
and thus has binding force. Accordingly, the area of territory to which the Court
referred, in the first operative paragraph, and from which, in the second
operative paragraph, it required Thailand to withdraw, extended beyond the
confines of the Temple itself and included all of the land in the disputed area
up to the Annex I map line. Cambodia considers that this area encompasses the
whole promontory of Preah Vihear and the hill of Phnom Trap as far north as the
Annex I map line. Cambodia rejects the Thai Council of Ministers’ line (see
paragraph 22 above) as a unilateral action which ran counter to the reasoning
of the 1962 Judgment. According to Cambodia, the practice of the Parties since
1962 has no relevance for the interpretation of the 1962 Judgment, although it
denies that its conduct amounted to acceptance of Thailand’s interpretation of
the 1962 Judgment. Cambodia maintains that the Memorandum of Understanding
deals only with the demarcation of the frontier, thereby implying that
delimitation of the frontier has already occurred. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
61. Thailand maintains that the
dispute which was before the Court in 1962 concerned territorial sovereignty,
not delimitation of a frontier, and that the 1962 Judgment decided only that
the Temple fell under the sovereignty of Cambodia. The Annex I map was
significant only as evidence of whether the Temple lay in Cambodian territory
and did not serve the purpose of defining the boundary, a task which had to be
carried out by agreement between the Parties. In Thailand’s view, it would have
been contrary to the principle <i>non ultra petita </i>for the Court to have
ruled upon the boundary line, since Cambodia had not included any request for a
ruling on the map in its original submissions and the Court had declined to
entertain the new submissions which Cambodia had advanced at the end of the
oral proceedings. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
62. Thailand also argues that more
than one version of the Annex I map is in existence and that the different
versions contain important discrepancies. In addition, Thailand claims that
there are important deficiencies in the Annex I map, including topographical
and positioning errors, that it is imprecise and that it departs in significant
respects from the watershed line stipulated in the 1904 Treaty. According to
Thailand, it would be impossible to transpose the Annex I map line onto a
modern map without more information. 63. In any case, Thailand contends, the
Annex I map was only one of the reasons on which the Judgment was based, since
the Court also relied upon entirely distinct grounds, in particular, the visit
to the Temple in 1930 by Prince Damrong of Thailand, which the Court described
as “significant” and considered to be recognition by Thailand of the
sovereignty of Cambodia (then a protectorate of France) over the Temple (<i>I.C.J.
Reports 1962</i>, pp. 30-31). Thailand concludes that the 1962 Judgment decided
only that Cambodia had sovereignty over the small parcel of land on which the
ruins of the Temple are located, the area which was later depicted on the map
attached to the 1962 Resolution of the Thai Council of Ministers. According to
Thailand, the Judgment did not deal with sovereignty over the remainder of the
Preah Vihear promontory or the hill of Phnom Trap. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
64. Thailand denies that the
obligation to withdraw in the second operative paragraph of the 1962 Judgment
has a continuing character, in the sense suggested by Cambodia. Thailand argues
that it discharged its obligation when it withdrew its personnel behind the
Council of Ministers’ line and that Cambodia accepted that line when Prince
Sihanouk visited the Temple in 1963 (see paragraph 23 above). Thereafter, the
obligation not to enter Cambodian territory was derived not from the 1962
Judgment but from the duty, arising under general international law, of one
State to respect the territorial integrity of another. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
65. Thailand concludes that the
delimitation of the frontier in the relevant area remains to be accomplished
and that the Memorandum of Understanding provides the mechanism for the Parties
to undertake that task. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>2. The role of the Court under
Article 60 of the Statute </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
66. The Court begins by recalling
that its role under Article 60 of the Statute is to clarify the meaning and
scope of what the Court decided in the judgment which it is requested to
interpret (<i>Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in
the Asylum Case (Colombia </i>v. <i>Peru), I.C.J. Reports 1950</i>, p. 402).
Accordingly, the Court must keep strictly within the limits of the original
judgment and cannot question matters that were settled therein with binding
force, nor can it provide answers to questions the Court did not decide in the
original judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
67. While the existence of a dispute
between the parties regarding the original judgment is a prerequisite for
interpretation under Article 60 of the Statute, the way in which that dispute
is formulated by one or both of the parties is not binding on the Court. As the
Permanent Court of International Justice explained: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“the Court does not
consider itself as bound simply to reply ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the propositions
formulated in the submissions of [the Applicant]. It adopts this attitude
because, for the purpose of the interpretation of a judgment, it cannot be
bound by formulae chosen by the Parties concerned, but must be able to take an
unhampered decision.” (<i>Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at
Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13</i>, pp. 15-16.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
68. In determining the meaning and
scope of the operative clause of the original Judgment, the Court, in
accordance with its practice, will have regard to the reasoning of that
Judgment to the extent that it sheds light on the proper interpretation of the
operative clause. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
69. The pleadings and the record of
the oral proceedings in 1962 are also relevant to the interpretation of the
Judgment, as they show what evidence was, or was not, before the Court and how
the issues before it were formulated by each Party. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
70. Thailand argues that the
principle of <i>non ultra petita </i>precluded the Court from going beyond the
submissions of the Parties and that the 1962 Judgment must be interpreted
accordingly. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
71. The principle of <i>non ultra
petita </i>is well established in the jurisprudence of the Court (<i>Request
for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case
(Colombia/Peru), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1950</i>, p. 402; <i>Arrest Warrant
of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo </i>v. <i>Belgium),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002</i>, pp. 18-19, para. 43) and is one reason why
the claims contained in the final submissions of the Parties in the original
case are of relevance in interpreting the 1962 Judgment. Nevertheless, that
principle cannot justify an interpretation which runs counter to the terms of
the 1962 Judgment. The Court in 1962 necessarily made an assessment of the
scope of the <i>petitum </i>before it; Article 60 of the Statute does not give
the Court the power today to substitute a different assessment for that made at
the time of the Judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
72. Cambodia suggests that the
headnote to the 1962 Judgment demonstrated that the Judgment determined the
course of the frontier in the relevant area. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
73. Under Article 95, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court (Article 74, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court of 1946
applicable in 1962), the headnote is not one of the elements of the Judgment
and it does not form part thereof. Moreover, the purpose of the headnote is
only to give the reader a general indication of the points examined in a
judgment; it does not constitute an authoritative summary of what the Court has
actually decided. The Court does not consider that the headnote to the 1962
Judgment assists in resolving the questions of interpretation raised in the
present proceedings. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
74. Thailand makes extensive
reference to the conduct of the Parties between 15 June 1962, when the Judgment
was delivered, and 2007-2008, when the present dispute may be said to have
crystallized. The principal purpose for which Thailand refers to that conduct
is in connection with its argument that there is no dispute, within the meaning
of Article 60, between the Parties, an issue to which that conduct is of course
relevant (see paragraphs 38-45 above). However, Thailand suggests that this
conduct is also relevant to the interpretation of the Judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
75. A judgment of the Court cannot be
equated to a treaty, an instrument which derives its binding force and content
from the consent of the contracting States and the interpretation of which may
be affected by the subsequent conduct of those States, as provided by the
principle stated in Article 31, paragraph 3 <i>(b)</i>, of the 1969 Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties. A judgment of the Court derives its binding
force from the Statute of the Court and the interpretation of a judgment is a
matter of ascertaining what the Court decided, not what the parties
subsequently believed it had decided. The meaning and scope of a judgment of
the Court cannot, therefore, be affected by conduct of the parties occurring
after that judgment has been given. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
More generally, as the Permanent
Court of International Justice made clear, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“the Court, when giving an
interpretation, refrains from any examination of facts other than those which
it has considered in the judgment under interpretation, and consequently all
facts subsequent to that judgment” (<i>Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8
(Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13</i>, p.
21). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>3. The principal features of the
1962 Judgment </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
76. Three features of the 1962
Judgment stand out when that Judgment is read in the light of the
considerations set out above. First, the Court considered that it was dealing
with a dispute regarding territorial sovereignty over the area in which the
Temple was located and that it was not engaged in delimiting the frontier.
Thus, the Court, referring back to its 1961 Judgment on Preliminary Objections
(<i>Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia </i>v. <i>Thailand), I.C.J. Reports 1961</i>,
p. 22, quoted in paragraph 17 above), defined the matter before it in the
following terms: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“Accordingly, the subject of the
dispute submitted to the Court is confined to a difference of view about sovereignty
over the region of the Temple of Preah Vihear. To decide this question of
territorial sovereignty, the Court must have regard to the frontier line
between the two States in this sector. Maps have been submitted to it and
various considerations have been advanced in this connection. The Court will
have regard to each of these only to such extent as it may find in them reasons
for the decision it has to give in order to settle the sole dispute submitted
to it, the subject of which has just been stated.” (<i>I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>,
p. 14.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
This characterization of the dispute
as one regarding sovereignty over a defined area of territory, rather than
boundary delimitation, is also evident in the Court’s decision that: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“Cambodia’s first and second Submissions,
calling for pronouncements on the legal status of the Annex I map and on the
frontier line in the disputed region, can be entertained only to the extent
that they give expression to grounds, and not as claims to be dealt with in the
operative provisions of the Judgment” (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 36). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No mention was made of
either the Annex I map or the location of the frontier in the operative part.
No map was attached to the Judgment, nor did the Court make any comment on the
difficulties of transposition of the Annex I map line, a matter which had been
discussed by the Parties during the 1962 proceedings and which would have been
of obvious importance in a judgment on delimitation of the frontier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
77. Secondly, however, the Annex I
map played a central role in the reasoning of the Court. After reviewing the
history of the map and its relationship with the 1904 Treaty, the Court stated:
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“The real question, therefore, which
is the essential one in this case, is whether the Parties did adopt the Annex I
map, and the line indicated on it, as representing the outcome of the work of
delimitation of the frontier in the region of Preah Vihear, thereby conferring
on it a binding character.” (<i>I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p. 22.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
It then considered the conduct of the
Parties with regard to the map and other practice, including the visit of
Prince Damrong to the Temple in 1930, when he was received by the French
authorities. Although the Court considered that the circumstances of Prince
Damrong’s visit were such as to amount to “a tacit recognition by Siam of the
sovereignty of Cambodia (under French Protectorate) over Preah Vihear” (<i>ibid</i>.,
p. 31), that incident, together with Thailand’s other conduct subsequent to
1908-1909, was treated primarily as confirmation of the earlier acceptance by
Thailand of the Annex I map line. The Court stated: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“Even if there were any doubt as to
Siam’s acceptance of the map in 1908, and hence of the frontier indicated
thereon, the Court would consider, in the light of subsequent events, that
Thailand is now precluded by her conduct from asserting that she did not accept
it . . . <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
The Court however considers that
Thailand in 1908-1909 did accept the Annex I map as representing the outcome of
the work of delimitation, and hence recognized the line on that map as being
the frontier line, the effect of which is to situate Preah Vihear in Cambodian
territory. The Court considers further that, looked at as a whole, Thailand’s
subsequent conduct confirms and bears out her original acceptance, and that
Thailand’s acts on the ground do not suffice to negative this. Both Parties, by
their conduct, recognized the line and thereby in effect agreed to regard it as
being the frontier line.” (<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 32-33.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
The Court went on to state that “the
acceptance of the Annex I map by the Parties caused the map to enter the treaty
settlement and to become an integral part of it” (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 33) and
concluded that it “therefore, feels bound, as a matter of treaty
interpretation, to pronounce in favour of the line as mapped in the disputed
area” (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 35). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
78. Thirdly, in defining the dispute
before it (in the passage quoted in paragraph 76 above), the Court made clear
that it was concerned only with sovereignty in the “region of the Temple of
Preah Vihear”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">That this region
comprised only a small area is apparent from the 1962 proceedings. Thus,
counsel for Cambodia stated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“As I shall have occasion to remind
the Court more than once, the area in dispute in these proceedings is very
small indeed. A variation of half a mile, or even less, would place the Temple
wholly on one side or the other of the frontier.” (<i>I.C.J. Pleadings, Temple
of Preah Vihear</i>, Vol. II, p. 145.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Later in the hearings, counsel for
Cambodia observed that “the Court and counsel will have spent pretty much the
entire month of March discussing an area of land hardly a kilometre in breadth”
(<i>ibid.</i>, Vol. II, p. 464) and subsequently referred to “a frontier area
of less than two or three square kilometres” (<i>ibid.</i>, Vol. II, p. 473).
These statements were not contradicted during the 1962 proceedings. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
The Judgment shows that the Court
considered that the disputed area was a small one. Immediately after the
passage in which it defined the dispute as one regarding sovereignty over the
region of the Temple, the Court described that region in the following terms: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“The Temple of Preah Vihear . . .
stands on a promontory of the same name, belonging to the eastern sector of the
Dangrek range of mountains which, in a general way, constitutes the boundary
between the two countries in this region Cambodia to the south and Thailand
to the north. Considerable portions of this range consist of a high cliff-like
escarpment rising abruptly above the Cambodian plain. This is the situation at
Preah Vihear itself, where the main Temple buildings stand in the apex of a
triangular piece of high ground jutting out into the plain.” (<i>I.C.J. Reports
1962</i>, p. 15.) <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
While the Annex I map deals with a
part of the frontier region more than 100 km in extent, the Court made clear
that it had to pronounce upon it only “in the disputed area” (<i>ibid.</i>, p.
35). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>4. The operative part of the 1962
Judgment </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
79. In the light of these elements in
the reasoning of the 1962 Judgment, the Court will now turn to the operative
part of that Judgment, the text of which is reproduced in paragraph 21 above.
The findings set out in the second and third paragraphs are expressly stated to
be consequences following from the decision in the first operative paragraph.
It follows that the three operative paragraphs have to be considered as a
whole; the task of ascertaining their meaning and scope cannot be reduced to an
exercise of construing individual words or phrases in isolation. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>A. The first operative paragraph </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">80. The Court considers
that the meaning of the first operative paragraph is clear. In that paragraph,
the Court ruled on Cambodia’s principal claim by finding that the Temple was
situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia. It will, however, be
necessary to return to the scope of this paragraph once the Court has examined
the second and third operative paragraphs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>B. The second operative paragraph </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
81. The principal dispute between the
Parties concerns the second operative paragraph. In that paragraph, the Court
required, as a consequence of the decision in the first operative paragraph,
the withdrawal of Thai military or police forces, or other guards or keepers
“stationed by her at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory”.
The second operative paragraph did not indicate expressly the Cambodian
territory from which Thailand was required to withdraw its personnel, nor did
it state to where those personnel had to be withdrawn. The only context in
which the paragraph refers to an area of territory “the Temple, or its
vicinity on Cambodian territory” was in indicating which of its personnel
Thailand was under an obligation to withdraw, namely those whom it had
stationed in that area. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
82. During the hearings in the
present proceedings, a Member of the Court put the following question to the
Parties: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
“What is the precise territorial
extent that each of the Parties considers as the ‘vicinity’ of the Temple of
Preah Vihear ‘on Cambodian territory’ referred to in the second paragraph of
the <i>dispositif </i>of the Court’s Judgment of 1962?”</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
and requested that each Party provide
a set of geographical co-ordinates or refer to one of the maps produced in the
1962 proceedings. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
83. In its response, Cambodia
maintained that “the Court’s use of the term ‘vicinity’ can best be appreciated
in the light of the overlap between the Annex I map line and the watershed line
proposed by the Thai experts in the original proceedings”. As indicated on the
map annexed to Cambodia’s response, the area between these two lines includes
the entirety of the promontory of Preah Vihear and the hill of Phnom Trap. The
Annex I map line is shown as the northern limit of this area. The western and
eastern limits of the area identified by Cambodia consist of the points where
the Annex I map line and the watershed line advocated by Thailand intersect.
Cambodia accepts Thailand’s estimate that this area measures approximately 4.6
square kilometres. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
84. Thailand responded to the
question by stating that “[i]n 1962, the ‘vicinity’ of the Temple was
identified by the Council of Ministers for the purposes of the withdrawal of
the Thai troops who were stationed there”. The 1962 Resolution of the Thai
Council of Ministers was based upon a report, which outlined two possible
methods for determining the extent of the “vicinity [of the Temple] on
Cambodian territory”. The Resolution chose the second of these methods, which
involved confining the Temple within an area bounded, to the south and east, by
the escarpment and, to the west, north and north-east, by a line close to the
Temple. That line (referred to in paragraph 22, above, as the “Thai Council of
Ministers’ line”) consisted of three segments. The first segment began at the
south-western part of the escarpment and ran north in a straight line, parallel
to, and a few metres to the west of, the Temple buildings, until it reached a
point a few metres north of the most northern part of the Temple buildings. The
second segment ran east from this point in a straight line until it reached a
point just north of the eastern extreme of this part of the Temple. The third
segment ran south-east from that point, broadly following the course of a feature
known as the Broken Stairway (which was described in the report as falling
within the vicinity of the Temple) until it reached the eastern escarpment. The
report estimated the area enclosed within these limits as approximately 0.25
square kilometres. Following the adoption of the Resolution, Thailand erected a
barbed wire fence along the Council of Ministers’ line and put up signs stating
that “the vicinity of the Temple of Phra Viharn does not extend beyond this
limit”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
85. Since the second operative paragraph
of the 1962 Judgment required Thailand to withdraw “any [of its] military or
police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed by her at the Temple, or
in its vicinity on Cambodian territory”, the Court considers that it must begin
by examining the evidence that was before the Court in 1962 regarding the
locations at which such Thai personnel were stationed. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
86. The only such evidence was given
by Professor Ackermann, who was called by Thailand as an expert and witness and
who had visited the Temple for several days in July 1961 in the course of
preparing a report to be submitted in the proceedings. Under cross-examination
by counsel for Cambodia, Professor Ackermann testified that, during that visit,
the only people he had seen at the Preah Vihear promontory were a detachment of
Thai frontier police and one Temple guard. He stated that the police had been
stationed in blockhouses at a camp located to the north-east of the Temple,
while the guard had lived in a separate house a short distance to the west of
the police camp (<i>I.C.J. Pleadings, Temple of Preah Vihear</i>, Vol. II, pp.
401-4<u>02)2</u>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">87. The location of the
police station was subsequently confirmed by counsel for Thailand, according to
whom the police camp was located south of the Annex I map line but north of a
line which Cambodia maintained was the watershed line (<i>ibid.</i>, Vol. II,
p. 559). During the 1962 proceedings, Cambodia had advanced an alternative
argument that if, contrary to its primary position, the boundary was required
to follow the watershed rather than the Annex I map line, then it was this
Cambodian line which represented the watershed and not the watershed line
advocated by Thailand (to which reference has already been made). In the event,
the Court found that it was unnecessary to consider the location of the
watershed in the area of the Temple (<i>Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p.
35). Nevertheless, the reference to that line in the speech by counsel for
Thailand is significant, because, as Thailand has stated in the current
proceedings, the Thai Council of Ministers’ line follows a course very close to
that of the watershed line advanced by Cambodia in 1962. It is apparent,
therefore, that the Thai police detachment was stationed at a location north of
the line subsequently drawn by the 1962 Resolution of the Thai Council of
Ministers and thus outside what Thailand considers to be the “vicinity [of the
Temple] on Cambodian territory”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><u>***2 </u>Professor Ackermann
indicated these locations on a map shown to the Court. A copy of the map,
entitled “Annex 85 <i>(d)</i>”, is enclosed at the end of Volume II of the 1962
Pleadings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
88. When the Court required Thailand
to withdraw military or police forces, guards or keepers which it had stationed
in the Temple, or in the vicinity of the Temple on Cambodian territory, it must
have intended that obligation to apply to the police detachment referred to by
Professor Ackermann, since, except for the solitary Temple guard (who seems to
have been living near the police camp), there was no evidence of the presence
of any other Thai personnel anywhere near the Temple. Accordingly, the term
“vicinity on Cambodian territory” has to be construed as extending at least to
the area where the police detachment was stationed at the time of the original
proceedings. Since that area lies north of the Thai Council of Ministers’ line,
that line cannot represent the correct interpretation of the territorial scope
of the second operative paragraph as Thailand contends. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
89. That conclusion is confirmed by a
number of other factors. As the Court emphasized in its description of the area
around the Temple (<i>Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p. 15), the Temple is
located on an easily identifiable geographical feature. This feature is a
promontory. In the east, south and south-west, the promontory descends by a
steep escarpment to the Cambodian plain. In the west and north-west, the ground
drops into what Professor Ackermann described in his evidence as a “valley . .
. between the Pnom Trap mountain and the Phra Viharn mountain” (<i>I.C.J.
Pleadings, Temple of Preah Vihear</i>, Vol. II, p. 385). It is through this
valley that access to the Temple from the Cambodian plain can most easily be
obtained. The hill of Phnom Trap rises from the western side of this valley. A
natural understanding of the concept of the “vicinity” of the Temple would
extend to the entirety of the Preah Vihear promontory. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
90. Furthermore, the Court’s
reasoning regarding the significance of the Annex I map (considered in
paragraph 77 above) shows that the Court considered that Cambodia’s territory
extended in the north as far as, but no farther than, the Annex I map line.
Although Professor Ackermann did not give any estimate of the distances between
the various places on the promontory to which he referred in his evidence, it
is clear that, for example, the police post which he identified was only a very
short distance to the south of the nearest point on the Annex I map line. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
91. The Court was therefore dealing
with a small area with clearly defined geographical limits to the east, south,
west and north-west, and bounded in the north by what the Court had stated in
its reasoning was the limit of Cambodian territory. In these circumstances, the
Court considers that the territorial scope of the second operative paragraph
must be construed as extending to the whole of the promontory, rather than
being confined to the part of it chosen by the Thai Council of Ministers in
1962. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">92. Turning to the
position of Cambodia, the Court is also unable to accept its interpretation of
“vicinity”. In its answer to the question put by a Member of the Court (see
paragraph 83 above), Cambodia maintained that the vicinity includes not only
the promontory of Preah Vihear but also the hill of Phnom Trap. There are
several reasons why the Court considers that this is not the correct
interpretation of the second operative paragraph.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
93. First, Phnom Trap and the
promontory of Preah Vihear are distinct geographical features which are clearly
shown as separate on the maps used in the 1962 proceedings and, in particular,
on the Annex I map, which was the only map to which the Court made more than
passing reference in the Judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
94. Secondly, there are certain
indications in the record of the 1962 proceedings that Cambodia did not treat
Phnom Trap as falling within the “region of the Temple” or “Temple area” (the
terms used by the Court in defining the scope of the dispute before it). Thus,
a former Cambodian provincial governor, Mr. Suon Bonn, who was called as a
witness by Cambodia, testified that Preah Vihear had formed part of his
province (<i>I.C.J. Pleadings, Temple of Preah Vihear</i>, Vol. II, p. 333),
but that he thought that Phnom Trap belonged to a neighbouring province (<i>ibid.</i>,
p. 434). Moreover, as explained in paragraph 78 above, in referring to the area
with which the Court was concerned, counsel for Cambodia spoke of its
dimensions in terms which would be too small to encompass, at the same time,
Phnom Trap as well as the promontory of Preah Vihear (<i>ibid.</i>, pp. 464 and
473). He also stated that Phnom Trap was not part of the “crucial area” with
which the Court was concerned (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 465). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
95. Thirdly, there was no evidence
before the Court of any Thai military or police presence on Phnom Trap in 1962
and no suggestion that Phnom Trap was relevant to Cambodia’s claim that
Thailand should be required to withdraw its forces. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
96. Lastly, Cambodia’s interpretation
depends upon identifying the location of the points at which the Annex I map
line intersects with the watershed line advocated by Thailand. Yet, in the 1962
Judgment, the Court made clear that it was not concerned with the location of
the watershed and did not decide where the watershed lay (<i>I.C.J. Reports
1962</i>, p. 35). It is, therefore, implausible to suggest that the Court had
the watershed line in mind when it used the term “vicinity”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
97. While no one of these
considerations is conclusive in itself, taken together they lead the Court to
conclude that, in 1962, the Court did not have this wider area in mind and,
accordingly, that it did not intend the term “vicinity [of the Temple] on
Cambodian territory” to be understood as applicable to territory outside the
promontory of Preah Vihear. That is not to say that the 1962 Judgment treated
Phnom Trap as part of Thailand; the Court did not address the issue of
sovereignty over Phnom Trap, or any other area beyond the limits of the
promontory of Preah Vihear. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
98. From the reasoning in the 1962
Judgment, seen in the light of the pleadings in the original proceedings, it
appears that the limits of the promontory of Preah Vihear, to the south of the
Annex I map line, consist of natural features. To the east, south and
south-west, the promontory drops in a steep escarpment to the Cambodian plain.
The Parties were in agreement in 1962 that this escarpment, and the land at its
foot, were under Cambodian sovereignty in any event. To the west and
north-west, the land drops in a slope, less steep than the escarpment but
nonetheless pronounced, into the valley which separates Preah Vihear from the
neighbouring hill of Phnom Trap, a valley which itself drops away in the south
to the Cambodian plain (see paragraph 89 above). For the reasons already given
(see paragraphs 92-97 above), the Court considers that Phnom Trap lay outside
the disputed area and the 1962 Judgment did not address the question whether it
was located in Thai or Cambodian territory. Accordingly, the Court considers
that the promontory of Preah Vihear ends at the foot of the hill of Phnom Trap,
that is to say: where the ground begins to rise from the valley. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
In the north, the limit of the
promontory is the Annex I map line, from a point to the north-east of the
Temple where that line abuts the escarpment to a point in the north-west where
the ground begins to rise from the valley, at the foot of the hill of Phnom
Trap. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
The Court considers that the second
operative paragraph of the 1962 Judgment required Thailand to withdraw from the
whole territory of the promontory, thus defined, to Thai territory any Thai
personnel stationed on that promontory. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
99. The Court notes Thailand’s
argument about the difficulty of transposing the Annex I map and thus of
ascertaining the precise location on the ground of the Annex I map line in the
area described in the preceding paragraph. The 1962 Judgment did not, however,
address that question and the Court cannot now, in the exercise of its
jurisdiction under Article 60 to interpret the 1962 Judgment, deal with a
matter which was not addressed by that Judgment. Nevertheless, the parties to a
case before the Court have an obligation to implement the judgment of the Court
in good faith. It is of the essence of that obligation that it does not permit
either party to impose a unilateral solution. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>C. The relationship between the
second operative paragraph and the rest of the operative part </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
100. The Court has already stated
(see paragraph 79 above) that the three paragraphs of the operative part of the
1962 Judgment have to be considered as a whole. Having determined the meaning
and scope of the second paragraph, the Court now turns to the relationship
between that paragraph and the other two paragraphs of the operative part.
While there is no dispute between the Parties regarding the third operative
paragraph, it is nonetheless relevant to the extent that it sheds light on the
meaning and scope of the rest of the operative part. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
101. The scope of the operative part
of a judgment of the Court is necessarily bound up with the scope of the
dispute before the Court. The 1962 Judgment defined the dispute which was then
before the Court as one concerning “sovereignty over the <i>region </i>of the
Temple of Preah Vihear” (<i>I.C.J. Reports 1962</i>, p. 14; emphasis added). It
was entirely consistent with this view of the dispute that the Court, having
decided in the first operative paragraph of the Judgment that the Temple was
located in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia, determined, as a
consequence of that finding, that Thailand was under an obligation to withdraw
its forces and other personnel stationed “at the Temple, or in its <i>vicinity </i>on
Cambodian territory” and to restore objects removed from “the Temple or <i>the
Temple area</i>” (emphasis added). The second and third operative paragraphs
each, therefore, imposed obligations with respect to an area of territory which
extended beyond the Temple itself. The second operative paragraph expressly
described this area as Cambodian territory. The third operative paragraph did
not do so but the Court considers that such a description was implicit; an
obligation to restore artefacts taken from the “area of the Temple” would be a
logical consequence of a finding of sovereignty only to the extent that the
area in question was covered by that finding. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
102. The area with which the Court
was concerned in the original proceedings, as has already been explained (see
paragraph 78 above), is small and bounded, except to the north, by readily
identifiable geographical features. In these circumstances, the Court considers
that the terms “vicinity [of the Temple] on Cambodian territory”, in the second
paragraph, and “area of the Temple”, in the third paragraph, refer to the same
small parcel of territory. The obligations which the Court imposed in respect
of that parcel of territory were stated to be a consequence of the finding in
the first paragraph. In view of the characteristics of the dispute which
confronted the Court in 1962 in particular, the nature of the submissions of
each Party the obligations imposed by the second and third paragraphs would
be a logical consequence of the finding of sovereignty in the first operative
paragraph only if the territory referred to in the first paragraph corresponded
to the territory referred to in the second and third paragraphs. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
103. Accordingly, the Court concludes
that the territorial scope of the three operative paragraphs is the same: the
finding in the first paragraph that “the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in
territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia” must be taken as referring, like
the second and third paragraphs, to the promontory of Preah Vihear, within the
limits described in paragraph 98 of the present Judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
104. In these circumstances, the
Court does not consider it necessary further to address the question whether the
1962 Judgment determined with binding force the boundary line between Cambodia
and Thailand. In a dispute concerned only with sovereignty over the promontory
of Preah Vihear, the Court concluded that that promontory, extending in the
north to the Annex I map line but not beyond it, was under Cambodian
sovereignty. That was the issue which was in dispute in 1962 and which the
Court considers to be at the heart of the present dispute over interpretation
of the 1962 Judgment. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">105. Nor is it
necessary for the Court to address the question whether the obligation imposed
on Thailand by the second operative paragraph was a continuing obligation, in
the sense maintained by Cambodia. In the present proceedings, Thailand has
accepted that it has a general and continuing legal obligation to respect the
integrity of Cambodian territory, which applies to any disputed territory found
by the Court to be under Cambodian sovereignty. Once a dispute regarding
territorial sovereignty has been resolved and uncertainty removed, each party
must fulfil in good faith the obligation which all States have to respect the
territorial integrity of all other States. Likewise, the Parties have a duty to
settle any dispute between them by peaceful means.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
106. These obligations, which derive
from the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, are of particular
importance in the present context. As is clear from the record of both the
present proceedings and those of 1959-1962, the Temple of Preah Vihear is a
site of religious and cultural significance for the peoples of the region and
is now listed by UNESCO as a world heritage site (see paragraphs 25-27 above).
In this respect, the Court recalls that under Article 6 of the World Heritage
Convention, to which both States are parties, Cambodia and Thailand must
co-operate between themselves and with the international community in the
protection of the site as a world heritage. In addition, each State is under an
obligation not to “take any deliberate measures which might damage directly or
indirectly” such heritage. In the context of these obligations, the Court
wishes to emphasize the importance of ensuring access to the Temple from the
Cambodian plain. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>5. Conclusions </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
107. The Court therefore concludes
that the first operative paragraph of the 1962 Judgment determined that
Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah
Vihear, as defined in paragraph 98 of the present Judgment, and that, in
consequence, the second operative paragraph required Thailand to withdraw from
that territory the Thai military or police forces, or other guards or keepers,
that were stationed there. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
* <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
* * <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
108. For these reasons, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
THE COURT, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
(1) Unanimously, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>Finds </i>that it has jurisdiction
under Article 60 of the Statute to entertain the Request for interpretation of
the 1962 Judgment presented by Cambodia, and that this Request is admissible; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
(2) Unanimously, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Declares</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
by way of interpretation, that the Judgment of 15 June 1962 decided that
Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah
Vihear, as defined in paragraph 98 of the present Judgment, and that, in
consequence, Thailand was under an obligation to withdraw from that territory
the Thai military or police forces, or other guards or keepers, that were
stationed there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
Done in English and in French, the
English text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eleventh
day of November, two thousand and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will
be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the
Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Government of the Kingdom of
Thailand, respectively. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><br /></i>
<i>(Signed) </i>Peter TOMKA, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
President. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>(Signed) </i>Philippe COUVREUR, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
Registrar. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Judges OWADA, BENNOUNA and GAJA append
a joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge CANÇADO TRINDADE appends
a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judges <i>ad hoc </i>GUILLAUME
and COT append declarations to the Judgment of the Court. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>(Initialled) </i>P. T. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>(Initialled) </i>Ph. C. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">___________<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">If you want to get the original source of this judgement please link here: </span><a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf" style="line-height: 150%;">http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/17704.pdf</a></div>
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ព្រឹតិ្តបត្រច្បាប់កម្ពុជា (ព ច ក)គឺជាក្រុមឯករាជ្យ និងមិនមែនជាបក្សនយោបាយ ទេ ជាក្រុមស្ម័គ្រចិត្តដែល ធ្វើការ សម្រាប់ធ្វើ ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយអំពីច្បាប់ និងព័តមាន ដែលទាក់ទងនឹងការអភិវឌ្ឍ និងស្ថានភាព សិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅកម្ពុជា។ រាល់មតិ យោបល់នៅក្នុងព្រឹត្តនេះមិនអាចយកទៅធើ្វជាអំណះ អំណាង ចំពោះមុខ តុលាការ រឺក្នុងគោលបំណងអ្វីផ្សេងទៀតឡើយ។ ព ច ក គ្រាន់ផ្តល់ នូវចំណេះដឹងច្បាប់ និងចំណេះដឹងផ្សេងៗទៀតដល់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឌប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ ប្រសិនលោក អ្នកចង់ដឹងព័តមានបន្ថែមអំពី ព ច ក សូមផ្ញើអីម៉ែលមកយើងខ្ញុំ។ យើងខ្ញុំសូមស្វាគមន៌រាល់មតិលំអដល់ ព ច ក៕</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-67439459500466799412013-11-09T14:41:00.004+07:002013-11-09T14:45:09.824+07:00Coca-Cola to Investigate Sugar Sourced From Cambodia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source from Cambodia Daily<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/denise-hruby/" title="Posts by Denise Hruby"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Denise Hruby</span></a> - November 9, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Coca-Cola Company, the world’s
largest beverage supplier, said on Friday that land grabs were “unacceptable”
and that the company would not source any sugar produced by companies that
refuse to comply with human rights standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
soft drink giant said that third parties would be employed to conduct social,
environmental and human rights assessments on sugar sourced from several
countries, including Thailand, where one of Coca-Cola’s three main sugar
suppliers, Mitr Phol, is based.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mitr Phol is linked to several sugar
plantations in Cambodia’s Oddar Meanchey province where hundreds of families
have been displaced due to economic land concessions granted by the government
for sugar cane plantations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The Coca-Cola Company commits to
zero tolerance for land grabbing,” the company said in a statement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The Coca-Cola Company believes that
land grabbing is unacceptable. Our Company does not typically purchase
ingredients directly from farms, nor are we owners of sugar farms or
plantations, but as a major buyer of sugar, we acknowledge our responsibility
to take action and to use our influence to help protect the land rights of
local communities,” the statement says.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coca-Cola’s commitment is a direct
response to the Oxfam report Nothing Sweet About It: How Sugar Fuels Land
Grabs, which highlighted the plight of 457 families displaced in Koh Kong
province’s Sre Ambel district, and accused companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi Co.
and Associate British Foods of fueling such land grabs instead of taking
responsibility for supply chain abuses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“This is a big victory. It is very
rewarding that a big company like Coca-Cola, one of the biggest in the world,
is indeed accountable to local communities,” said Chris Eijkemans, country
director for Oxfam in Cambodia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coca-Cola’s task now of assessing
sugar suppliers and pushing them to comply with human rights standards at their
plantations will be difficult, but it will benefit affected communities in
Cambodia in the long run, Mr. Eijkemans said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“They [Coca-Cola] are not directly
involved, but they will use their influence, and the influence of a big sugar
buyer like Coca-Cola is huge, so this will reach a satisfactory outcome,” he
said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“If those [supplier] companies are
not behaving according to the line that Coca-Cola wants them to, there will be
repercussions. It will start with talking with the company,” but could lead to
companies losing contracts, he added.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In May, two local organizations,
Licadho and Equitable Cambodia, issued a statement claiming that “70 year
concessions were granted to three companies directly linked to Mitr Pohl: (1)
Angkor Sugar Co. Ltd., (2) Tonle Sugar Cane Co. Ltd., and (3) Cane and Sugar
Valley Co. Ltd. The directors of each of the three companies are all senior
figures in Mitr Phol, and the company has admitted they are all part of one
venture.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Licadho and Equitable Cambodia’s
petition states that the Mitr Phol concessions, through actions by the
companies granted the concessions, local police, military and security forces,
have resulted in the illegal confiscation of land from local people; the
destruction of their homes; killing of livestock; arson; looting of crops;
beatings, threats, intimidation and arrests of villagers,” they said in their
statement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In July 2012, Mitr Pohl issued a statement
saying that it did not support encroachment on private land or forced evictions
and had followed all local laws to acquire its Oddar Meanchey sugar plantation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ninety percent of Cambodia’s sugar
exports, which rose to $13 million in 2011, an increase of 270 times compared
to two years prior, went to the European Union (E.U.), which allows poor
nations such as Cambodia to export goods duty free under its Everything But
Arms scheme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In a letter sent Thursday to the
European Trade Commission as well as high-ranking officials of the E.U. and the
U.N., several local human rights groups called for an investigation of
Cambodian sugar exports to Europe and their impact on local communities here
“without further delay.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We hope that E.U. Trade Commission
will initiate an immediate investigation into the Human Rights abuses caused by
the sugar industry in Cambodia and stop giving trade preferences to companies
and countries that are responsible for Human Rights Abuses,” said Eang Vuthy,
executive director of Equitable Cambodia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-28263263439439052972013-11-08T15:41:00.002+07:002013-11-08T15:41:57.304+07:00Coca-Cola vows to axe suppliers guilty of land grabbing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 itemprop="name headline " style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-right-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-top-width: 0px; font-family: georgia, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.154; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 460px;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Source from <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/global-development">http://www.theguardian.com/global-development</a></span></h1>
<h1 itemprop="name headline " style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-right-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: georgia, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.154; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 460px;">
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<ul class="article-attributes trackable-component b4" data-component="Article:byline" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(214, 29, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 1.25; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; min-height: 66px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0px 12px; position: relative;">
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<span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span itemprop="name" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="contributor" href="http://www.theguardian.com/profile/marktran" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mark Tran</span></a></span></span></div>
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<li class="publication" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/" itemprop="publisher" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">theguardian.com</a>, <time datetime="2013-11-08T05:00GMT" itemprop="datePublished" pubdate="" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Friday 8 November 2013 05.00 GMT</time></span></li>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="Coca-Cola India" data-pin-description="Coca-Cola will conduct third-party social, environmental and human rights assessments, beginning in Brazil and Colombia. Photograph: AFP/Getty" height="384" itemprop="contentUrl representativeOfPage" src="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/About/General/2013/11/7/1383845592679/Coca-Cola-India-009.jpg" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="640" /></span><div class="caption" itemprop="caption" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #666666; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Coca-Cola will conduct third-party social, environmental and human rights assessments, beginning in Brazil and Colombia. Photograph: AFP/Getty</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/business/cocacola" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> has said it will cut off suppliers that do not follow guidelines to protect the <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/land-rights" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Land rights">land rights</a> of local communities in developing countries.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The soft drinks company also pledged to use its clout to encourage other food and beverage firms, traders – especially of soy, sugar and palm oil – as well as governments to endorse and implement voluntary UN guidelines on <a href="http://www.fao.org/nr/tenure/voluntary-Guidelines/en/" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">responsible governance</a> of tenure on land, fisheries and forests.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">"The Coca-Cola company believes that land grabbing is unacceptable," it said. "Our company does not typically purchase ingredients directly from farms, nor are we owners of sugar farms or plantations, but as a major buyer of sugar, we acknowledge our responsibility to take action and to use our influence to help protect the land rights of local communities."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Coca-Cola, based in Atlanta, Georgia, said it would conduct third-party social, environmental and <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/law/human-rights" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Human rights">human rights</a> assessments beginning in <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/brazil" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Brazil">Brazil</a>,<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/colombia" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/guatemala" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, India, Philippines, <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/thailand" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Thailand">Thailand</a> and South <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/africa" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Africa">Africa</a>, critical sourcing regions for the company.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">These countries are among the top 16 from which Coca-Cola sources cane sugar. Six of these countries have been identified with human rights violations by the US department of labour. The assessments will begin this year with Colombia and Guatemala and will cover the other 14 countries by 2020.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Sugar is a key ingredient for food and drinks firms: 51% of sugar produced ends up in processed foods including soft drinks, sweets and ice-cream. It uses the most land for food production – sugar is grown on 31m hectares, an area the size of Italy. There have been 100 recorded large-scale land deals for sugar production occupying at least 4m hectares (11m acres) of land since 2000, according the charity Oxfam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Coke's action plan followed an Oxfam <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/oct/02/sugar-food-drink-land-grabs" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">report</a> in October, <a href="http://www.oxfam.org.nz/reports/sugar-rush-land-rights-and-supply-chains-biggest-food-and-beverage-companies" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Sugar Rush</a>, which said sugar, along with soy and palm oil, was driving large-scale land acquisitions and land conflicts at the expense of small-scale food producers and their families.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">In 2011, the global trade in raw sugar was worth $47bn (£29bn). Of that $33.5bn of exports came from developing countries. Yet in spite of the risks of land conflicts associated with sugar, soy and palm oil production, a lack of transparency by food and beverage giants makes it difficult for the public to hold companies accountable, Oxfam said in its report.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Coca-Cola disclosed that its top cane sugar countries were Brazil,<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/mexico" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Mexico">Mexico</a>, India and named its top three company suppliers as Copersucar (Brazil), Mitr Phol (Thailand), and Dangote (<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/nigeria" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Nigeria">Nigeria</a>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Pledging to crack down on suppliers that do not adhere to relevant supplier guiding principles (SGP), Coca-Cola said: "If a supplier fails to uphold any aspect of the SGP requirements, the Coca-Cola company will work with the supplier on corrective action. If such action is not taken, the supplier relationship will be terminated."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Coca-Cola plans to implement zero-tolerance strategy for land grabs through adherence the principle of free, prior and informed consent across its operations (including bottling partners) and will require its suppliers to adhere to this principle. The company said it would recognise and safeguard the rights of communities and traditional peoples to maintain access to land and natural resources.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Oxfam, which has urged Coca-Cola, <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/business/pepsico" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Pepsico">PepsiCo</a> and <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/business/associatedbritishfoods" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from the Guardian on Associated British Foods">Associated British Foods</a> to adopt a zero-tolerance policy on land grabs, welcomed Coca-Cola's move as setting a new standard for commitments in the food and beverage industry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">"Coca-Cola's leadership in declaring zero tolerance for land grabs is a vital first step," said Penny Fowler, head of private sector advocacy. "We look forward to tracking the actions the company takes to follow through on their promises. In particular we will continue to advocate, along with local partners, for appropriate resolution for the communities in Brazil and Cambodia who continue to struggle to regain the rights to their land. The ball is now in PepsiCo and ABF's court to follow suit."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Business and human rights experts said Coke's commitment on land grabs represented a significant step towards respecting human rights.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">"While Coca-Cola does not own or control sugar farms, it is a major buyer of sugar around the world," said Salil Tripathi, director at the Institute for Human Rights and Business in London. "If sugar comes from a farm where land has been acquired with force, or after paying insufficient compensation to customary owners, then the farm becomes tainted, and the sugar turns bitter. Companies like Coca-Cola are in a position to influence better human rights outcomes because of their sheer size. Other companies – large and small – should continue on this path."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Coca-Cola has been <a href="http://www.waronwant.org/news/campaigns-news/15153-coca-cola-drinking-the-world-dry/" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">accused in the past</a> of drying up farmers' wells and destroying local agriculture in pursuit of water resources to feed its plants. There have been particularly <a href="http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/373906/cocacola_just_part_of_indias_water_freeforall.html" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">bitter disputes in India</a>. Coca-Cola's operations rely on access to vast supplies of water, as it takes almost three litres to make one litre of Coca-Cola.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-36674824875623911542013-11-07T18:51:00.000+07:002013-11-07T18:51:04.265+07:00Aid Worker Claims Fabricated Stories Are Common <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Source from Cambodia Daily</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">By <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/simon-marks/" title="Posts by Simon Marks"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Simon Marks</span></a> - November 7, 2013 </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Weighing in on revelations that fabricated sexual
slavery stories were used to promote the work of Agir Pour Les Femmes en
Situation Precaire (Afesip) in Cambodia, which was founded by global
anti-trafficking activist Somaly Mam, a longtime aid worker said that staff at
the organization were aware that some victims were not in the desperate
situations they claimed to be.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Pierre Fallavier, who said he advised Afesip between
1999 and 2007, wrote in a series of recent emails that from the beginning of
his relationship with the organization, concerns were raised by staff that
information on victims that was being disseminated by Afesip was “exaggerated.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Mr. Fallavier, who holds a Phd from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and has worked for NGOs and multiple U.N. agencies in
Africa and Asia, also claimed that, like Afesip, many aid groups create
“composite” stories of the lives of people being helped by their organizations
as a means to raise funds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“I started working as an adviser to Afesip in 1999, and
stopped in 2007. From the start, people around me—all Khmers—were saying the
stories Somaly told about herself and some of the girls were exaggerated. At
that time I did not want to listen, because I could see the good Afesip was
doing. The level of violence against women then was higher than anywhere else
in Southeast Asia,” Mr. Fallavier wrote in an email.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“A few courageous individuals then set up organizations
to rescue such women. Among them, Afesip decided it would also lead a
‘political’ struggle to get the rights of women and children recognized…. [S]o
at that time, what counted were results. Everyone knew that some victims lied
and were not in the desperate situations they claimed to be, but they were
still in so much need of help that it did not seem to matter,” he wrote.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“And then, at the same time, donors were getting an
interest, and were sending their people with crews of journalists to take
pictures and extracts selling stories. I used to tell Somaly to send them away,
that all they wanted were exotic stories of violence and sex, with the picture
of a beautiful hero saving children so they could sell their papers. But they
came with the funders, or with promises their articles and reports would help
advocate for the rights of women. And they were the first ones to manipulate
the images and the stories.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Mr. Fallavier said that the recent spotlight on the
Somaly Mam Foundation, following revelations that at least two alleged victims
of the sex trade helped by her organization had fabricated stories, should be
extended to include many other humanitarian groups.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“[I] find it unfair to point solely at Afesip for
fabricating stories about its typical beneficiaries. This has been and still is
the approach that all major international NGOs use, in Cambodia and elsewhere,”
he wrote.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“They take bits and parts of the life stories of
different beneficiaries and make up a ‘typical’ sob story that they use to
raise funds with.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Mr. Fallavier, who worked for Handicap International
(H.I.), said that he left the organization because of such a practice in 2000
because he believed it to be “unethical.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“But the point is that all NGOs do so, that they are
unapologetic, and that it is well known to anyone working in that sector,” he
continued.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“Just take one of the stories from Cambodia that Oxfam,
World Vision, Care, etc. use in their advertising campaigns ‘at home,’ and try
to trace them. You will see how the majority of these stories are ‘composite’
of different realities,” Mr. Fallavier claimed.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“They justify it very bluntly: This is marketing they
need to raise money, and it is only with extreme stories that they will get
people to give the cash they need to undertake their work. In fact, in many
cases, back home, private marketing companies are in charge of the advertising,
and they sell NGO work in the same way they would with any other service.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Responding to Mr. Fallavier’s claims, the communications
department at the Somaly Mam Foundation said it would not comment as Mr.
Fallavier had never held an official position with Afesip.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“[W]e can’t speculate about allegations made by someone
who had no formal affiliation with the organization,” the communications
department said in a statement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“Mr. Fallavier has been a good friend of Somaly Mam and
supportive to Afesip Cambodia on a personal and unofficial capacity. He has
never held any official positions or roles at Afesip Cambodia. We do not know
when his relationship with Afesip and Somaly Mam began, yet it is an amicable
and supportive one that still continues today,” the statement continues.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Pierre Legros, who helped found Afesip in 1996 and is
the ex-husband of Ms. Mam, confirmed Mr. Fallavier had advised Afesip.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">At one time, Afesip’s funding from the European Union
(E.U.) was sent through H.I. and Mr. Fallavier had acted as an intermediary
between the two organizations, Mr. Legros said.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“In 1999 we received money from the European Commission.
This money we could not receive directly as we had to pass through an NGO that
had an agreement with the E.U. So we received money passed to us by an
intermediary NGO. It was Handicap International that was chosen to be the
intermediary with Afesip,” Mr. Legros said.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“Pierre Fallavier was hired by Handicap International to
serve as someone who was responsible for the programs run by Afesip using
Handicap International money. He was the adviser to Afesip in making the link
between Handicap International and Afesip.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Mr. Fallavier’s emails followed a recent story revealing
that a 14-year-old girl being rehabilitated by Afesip had been coached in 1998
to tell a fabricated story of sexual slavery in a documentary for French
television. Other stories promoted by Afesip of sex slavery, trafficking and
even killing have also proven to be false.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">In his emails on the subject of victim fabrication in
the aid industry, Mr. Fallavier reserved some of his harshest criticism for
Handicap International France (HIF).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">According to Mr. Fallavier, in 1999, when he was working
in Cambodia with HIF, the organization launched a campaign to send hundreds of
thousands of letters to raise funds from individuals in Europe using stories of
child victims of land mines. The campaign, run out of HIF’s headquarters in
France, gained immense traction because of its focus on child landmine
victims. However, child victims of landmines represented only a tiny proportion
of the work HIF was actually carrying out in Cambodia—most of its work was in
roads, irrigation and access to water.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Though he does not claim that the landmine stories were
fabricated, Mr. Fallavier said they greatly exaggerated the extent of the
problem.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“I learned that if work with children victims of
landmines represented less than ten percent of HI operations worldwide, the
fundraising campaign that showed HI largely as supporting these children
brought in 90 percent of the private funds it used to complement institutional
funding in all its operations,” Mr. Fallavier said.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“So, somehow HIF was collecting the majority of its
funds on a belief they built among the public that the money would be used to
support these children,” though Mr. Fallavier admits that a disclaimer was
written in tiny print at the bottom of H.I.’s call for funds.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Arnaud Richard, head of the Federal Information team for
H.I., said last week that the organization “does not fabricate stories” when
publicizing its work in some of the world’s poorest countries.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“The stories are personal stories which give the general
public an insight into both the wider situation and the lives of many of our
beneficiaries. This enables us to raise the awareness of the public and private
donors in countries where HI is represented by national associations (UK,
France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Canada and USA). We would
also point out that beneficiaries are informed of HI’s actions and are asked
to give their permission to use their image,” he said.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“Several people who have worked for our organization for
many years remember that Mr. Fallavier once worked for Handicap International.
However, he left the organization more than 13 years ago, and we do not
currently have any further information on his reasons for leaving Handicap
International,” he said.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Mr. Richard said that H.I. promotes its work abroad
through a team of four people dedicated to gathering testimonies and
information from its operations and programs.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">These four people, dubbed the “Federal Information
team,” regularly travel to the field to meet with beneficiaries. The stories
can then be used as part of the organization’s attempts to raise funds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Asked about Mr. Fallavier’s claims that H.I.’s
fundraising techniques were misleading the public, Mr. Richard said the
organization engages in focused campaigns in order to draw the attention of
donors to its activities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“These campaigns were indeed run during the period you
have mentioned in order to raise funds,” Mr. Richard said referring to H.I.’s
campaign carried out during 1999 and 2000.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“However, to be totally clear, at no point during these
fundraising campaigns did the organization state that the money collected would
be specifically used for our actions in Cambodia. We are always careful to
point out that donations are used to help people with disabilities and to
improve their living conditions. For example, we might highlight the cost of
fitting a disabled person with an orthopedic device or providing them technical
aids in order to give donors an idea of the potential impact of their donation.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“In order to avoid misunderstandings on this point,
however, the documents sent out to donors specifically state that the
testimonies are offered as examples only. The reply slip also clearly states
that, by making a donation, the donor ‘authorizes Handicap International to
allocate its aid to the most useful and urgent activity.’”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Mr. Richard also took issue with Mr. Fallavier’s
interpretation of H.I.’s work.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“We strongly refute the idea that these stories were
invented or that we misled donors regarding the use of their donations.
Although we are sure that Mr. Fallavier—who appears to have made a good
impression on those who worked with him at Handicap International—is acting in
good faith, his interpretation of an activity of which he has very little
knowledge—fundraising—is totally false,” he said.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Other organizations in Cambodia working with women and
children also denied Mr. Fallavier’s claim that they engage in exaggerating
stories, and that any stories on victimhood are presented accurately using
real, consenting people or composites of real life situations.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Talmage Payne, CEO of Hagar International, said the
practice of using victim testimonies in order to sell an NGO’s work abroad
raises serious questions due to the pervasiveness of using images in
fundraising that fully identify the face and names of sexual abuse or trafficked
minors.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“This violates a number of best practice protocols about
protecting clients and many national laws—even if the story is true,” Mr. Payne
said.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">He added that the Somaly Mam Foundation’s use of a
14-year-old alleged victim of sex slavery could even be in violation of
Cambodia’s Law on the Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation,
which states that “Newspapers and all other mass media shall be prohibited from
publishing or broadcasting or disseminating any information which can lead to public
knowledge of identities of victims in the offences stipulated in this law.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“The well known and well regarded [NGO] brands are very
careful about this with strict protection standards. It’s a problem on the
fringes. It’s not a norm or mainstream,” Mr. Payne said.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Mr. Payne said that in his organization’s publications a
researcher may create a composite case study of many stories in order to
“create victimology of certain types of abuse and recovery,” all of which is
disclosed in any writing on the matter. He added that all stories are based on
the subject’s consent and that identifying images are never used in cases of
trafficking or sexual abuse.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Andrew Moore, country director for Save the Children,
also said fabricating victims’ stories is not practiced by his organization.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“Save the Children does not fabricate stories for
fundraising purposes,” he said. “We adhere to high standards of child
protection and child safeguarding in gathering stories from the field, and all
our staff are trained on child safeguarding.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“Our publicity work is done in-house, with thorough
approval protocols that ensure that only factual reports that safeguard the
interests of children are released.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">In a recent article, Sebastien Marot, executive director
of Friends International, an NGO that helps disadvantaged children living
in urban areas in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Honduras, Mexico, Egypt
and Burma, said the situation regarding the fabrication of victims’ stories had
arisen as “a direct consequence of the interconnected actions of the child
protection organizations, the media, the donors and the general public; all
wanting the best for these children, but instead turning them into victims.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“[A] large number of organizations get sucked into using
children to raise funds: making them talk about the abuse they survived in
front of a camera, having their picture in a pitiful situation published for
everyone to see, allowing non-professional visitors into their centers [like
orphanage tourism],” Mr. Marot wrote.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“In worst cases, the truth is distorted or the stories
invented to attract more compassion and money,” Mr. Marot said in the article
published on his organization’s website.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“The impact on the lives of these children is terrible:
if they come from an abusive situation, such a process retraumatizes them and
in any case it stigmatizes them forever.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Mr. Marot said the media was complicit, and searched out
and published emotionally-charged stories in order to attract readers.
Moreover, donors tend to react to these stories.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“As regulators of the money it is easy, if specific
guidelines are not in place, to fund projects on a purely emotional basis. For
example we have witnessed a rapid increase of orphanages in Cambodia (funded by
local and foreign private donors), despite the fact that most of these children
are not orphans and it is against current Cambodian Government policies,” he
wrote.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“Like the general public, donors react to highly
emotionally charged stories that in some cases are built to please them or are
told at the expense of the same children they want to protect. Many donors do
not have the capacity or desire to check these stories, so we end up in
situations of ‘embellished’ story lines.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“A main consequence of this is that in some instances
organizations end up selling the wrong problem to the donors: since donors will
fund based on emotions and not on the more mundane facts, this can lead to the
creation of programs built on entirely wrong assumptions which do not provide
the right solutions to the beneficiaries. They may give the ‘right’
message/image back to the donors but end up further hurting the children with
the money that was intended to protect them,” he continued.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">Aarti Kapoor, who was a legal adviser to Afesip between
2003 and 2006 and still works to combat sexual abuse against children, said
child protection has become highly sensationalized.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“The image of human trafficking has become highly
sensationalized, often to get media attention and raise funds through emotive
reactions. The reality of trafficking is often more complex,” Ms. Kapoor said.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM;">“The tragedy is that sensationalized perceptions of
trafficking end up hindering our ability to identify and respond to the
majority of cases on the ground.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-21290087340218305712013-11-05T11:02:00.004+07:002013-11-05T11:03:15.291+07:00H&M Calls for Yearly Minimum Wage Review<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source from Cambodia Daily<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/dene-hern-chen/" title="Posts by Dene-Hern Chen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dene-Hern Chen</span></a> and <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/aun-pheap/" title="Posts by Aun Pheap"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aun Pheap</span></a> -
November 5, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The call for a higher minimum wage in Cambodia’s garment
industry by Swedish clothing giant H&M, which posted a 2012 profit margin
of more than $3.4 billion, should begin with the brand itself as it has the
power and means to raise workers’ wages, industry members said Monday.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H&M, the world’s second-largest clothing retailer by
sales, has been buying from suppliers in Cambodia since 1998 and is one of the
largest buyers in the country’s most profitable sector—which exported more than
$4 billion worth of garments in 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On October 16, H&M CEO Karl-Johan Persson visited
Cambodia to speak with Prime Minister Hun Sen about the “urgency of annual wage
reviews and functioning industrial relations,” according to a press statement
released last week on the brand’s website.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We believe that the Cambodian government should conduct an
annual review of the minimum wage, taking into consideration national
inflation and the consumer price index,” the statement says. “We believe that
it is in the interest of the Cambodian textile industry, as well as in our
interest, that the industry continues to develop into an advanced and mature
textile industry.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Stable markets, in which people are treated with respect,
and where the workers are properly compensated by their employers, are of the
utmost importance,” the statement says.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mr. Persson’s meeting with Mr. Hun Sen comes after the
government has publicly announced that it is considering a wage raise for
garment workers after the ruling CPP suffered massive losses during the July 28
national election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to H&M spokeswoman Anna Eriksson, H&M
makes $18.6 billion in retail sales and posted a profit of $3.4 billion last
year. She agreed that any change in the government-mandated minimum wage should
start with the brand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We have to ensure that our purchasing processes enable our
suppliers to live up to our demands by providing fair lead times,
fair pricing, on-time payments and clear communication,” Ms. Eriksson said
in an email Monday. “We work with them in close partnership to learn from and
understand each other and to reward suppliers with good sustainability
performance.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huon Soeu, deputy chief of the dissolution department at the
Ministry of Labor, said Monday that the government is open to raising workers’
wages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We hope to hold a meeting at the end of the year to discuss
what the raise amount would be,” Mr. Soeu said. “[In the past], we have raised
the wages for the workers from $40 to $80 a month, but the wage has not yet
reached the amount that they want.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">David Welsh, country head of the Solidarity Center—which
advocates for labor rights—said there have been “positive” meetings with the
government on raising the wage, and that H&M needs to stay committed to Cambodia
even if the price of their suppliers’ products increases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“It is a positive development [for H&M to propose this]
but it’s not like the brands have no role in this. In fact, they have a primary
role in it,” Mr. Welsh said. “They are the ones…who are able to direct the
industry and reassure the government that they won’t cut and run if [the wage
increase] happens.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“It’s important that the brand is not saying one thing
publicly and then continue squeezing garment factories here on the ground,” Mr.
Welsh said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ken Loo, secretary-general of the Garment Manufacturers
Association in Cambodia, echoed this, adding that the brands dictate the price
they pay to suppliers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ultimately, the buyers would have to shoulder the majority
of the responsibility,” Mr. Loo said, adding that it is unclear if H&M will
begin paying their supplier factories more. “Of course they can pay more, they
have the ability to pay more. It’s a question whether they want to pay more.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ath Thon, president of the Coalition of Cambodian Apparel
Workers Democratic Union, appealed to buyers to take a small profit cut for the
workers’ sake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“When it comes to the increase, the brands only need to cut
a bit of their earnings, and then workers can get $150 a month,” he said. “If
the brands and companies do not care about it, workers will be hopeless and
they will not produce for companies and they will leave the sector.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oeun Samol, compliance supervisor at New Archid Garment
Factory in Kandal province—which produces clothing for H&M—said that the
latest wage raise to $80 was not met by an increase in prices for the goods
they produce for brands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“As you can see it is a competitive time now so sometimes
they want us to lower the price because they say it is simple designs [for the
goods],” Mr. Samol said, adding that he would welcome H&M to pay more for
the goods.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“If our price is higher, we would be able to pay the workers
a little more.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-342912828861069942013-11-04T11:55:00.002+07:002013-11-04T11:57:57.765+07:00Once Coached for TV, Now Asked to Keep Quiet<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Source from Cambodia Daily </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">By <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/simon-marks/" title="Posts by Simon Marks"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Simon Marks</span></a> and <a href="http://www.cambodiadaily.com/author/kuch-naren/" title="Posts by Kuch Naren"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kuch Naren</span></a> - November 4, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The woman who
claims she was coached by global anti-sex trafficking advocate Somaly Mam to
fabricate a story of sexual slavery for French television in 1998 says she has
been approached by a Somaly Mam Foundation (SMF) staff member, who has begged
her to stop talking to the media.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Meas Ratha, 32,
revealed last month that as a young teenager she was selected by Ms. Mam to
appear on the France 2 television channel in 1998 after undergoing rehearsals
with a group of other young girls to falsely recount how she was sold to a
brothel owner in Phnom Penh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Days after her
revelation was published on October 12, Meas Ratha said she received her first
visit from the SMF staffer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“There was a
girl…came to me begging with tears to stop speaking to the media. Of course
whatever I told you was true—that I was filmed to lie to the world and that I
was a victim even though I was not,” Ms. Ratha said in a telephone interview on
October 24.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“But now I can no
longer speak,” she said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Ms. Ratha
identified the visitor as Sina Vann, a longtime employee of the SMF in Cambodia
and program manager for the organization’s Voices for Change (VFC) program. The
VFC program is run by SMF and aims at giving a voice to victims of sex
trafficking in order to raise awareness about the issue.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The second visit by
Ms. Vann was on October 23, said Ms. Ratha, adding that the SMF staff member
had stressed that speaking out about her past could greatly damage the
reputation of Ms. Mam’s organization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“She was not here
to intimidate me. But she begged me and cried in front of me and said that it
would be a disaster for the organization if I keep talking to the media. She
also asked me not to talk to other journalists if they approached me,” Ms.
Ratha said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“If I keep talking
it will bring trouble to everyone: myself, the organization and you
[journalists]. I used to stay inside the [SMF] organization so I want to help
it,” she said, adding that she would heed the call and no longer speak about
the fabricated story from 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Ms. Ratha, who is
now a streetside food vendor to garment factory workers on the outskirts of
Phnom Penh, said she was admitted to Afesip in 1997 because her family of nine
was struggling to survive.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Her parents and
sister—who also stayed with Ms. Ratha inside an Afesip training
center—backed-up Ms. Ratha’s claim that she was never enslaved as a prostitute
inside a brothel in Phnom Penh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Ms. Vann could not
be contacted for comment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Afesip CEO Sao
Chhoeurth said on October 24 that he was not aware of any visit having been
made to Ms. Ratha.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Hayle Welgus,
policy and liaison manager for SMF in Cambodia, said Ms. Vann had not been
sent by the organization in an official capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“SMF hasn’t sent
Sina [Vann] in an official capacity so I need to speak to her to see if she
visited on a personal level,” Ms. Welgus said on October 24.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Contacted on
Friday, Ms. Welgus declined to comment and referred questions to the communications
department at SMF.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Asked about Ms.
Vann’s alleged visit to Ms. Ratha, the SMF communication’s department declined
to comment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“The statement that
was sent to you previously is all that we have to share on this matter,” the
communications department at SMF said in an email.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The SMF
communications department was referring to a statement in which Afesip said in
October that it would not speculate on why Ms. Ratha had denied the story she
had told France 2.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Afesip has also
declined to say from which brothel Ms. Ratha had been allegedly rescued or to
which department of the police her case of alleged enslavement and rescue had
been filed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Though Ms. Ratha
insists the visit from the SMF’s Ms. Vann was only beseeching, she admits that
she is now unwilling to speak out about the truth behind her story due to any
repercussions that could stem from harming Afesip’s reputation in Cambodia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">After The Cambodia
Daily reported its findings in October 2012 into the story of Long Pros, one of
SMF’s most publicized members of the Voices for Change program, the young
woman’s father, Long Hon, said he was paid a visit from Afesip staff who had
also asked him to cease speaking to the media.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Ms. Pros had long
told a horrific story of having an eye gouged out at the hands of a brothel
owner. However, medical records show that Ms. Pros’ eye was removed by an eye
surgeon in hospital—the victim of a large benign tumor that covered one of her
eyes for many years during childhood.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Ms. Pros was only
sent to Afesip after undergoing her operation at the Takeo Eye Hospital, her
parents said, a claim that was also confirmed by medical records and images
obtained showing Ms. Pros’ medically-removed eye.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">While members of
the SMF staff now appear reluctant for Ms. Ratha and the family of Ms. Pros to
continue speaking to reporters, a huge amount of Ms. Mam’s success and global
fame stems from the highly public testimony and many media interviews conducted
by the young women inside her organization who tell harrowing tales of sex
trafficking.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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profile of the SMF, and support from board members such as Facebook COO Sheryl
Sandberg and Hollywood actress Susan Sarandon, has helped the foundation’s
revenues and expenditures rocket in recent years.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="tabright"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KHM; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">In 2011, the latest
year for which figures are available, spending by the SMF increased to $3.53
million. The SMF’s annual fundraising gala in New York on October 23 was a
star-studded event where tickets for some tables went for $100,000.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-59639969570658858812013-10-30T20:55:00.001+07:002013-10-30T20:55:34.383+07:00Statement: Intimidation and death threat in Boeung Kak 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Phnom Penh, 30
October 2013 -</b> The Housing Rights Task Force (HRTF) and the Cambodian Human
Rights Action Committee (CHRAC) condemn the brutal intimidation that were used
in the past days against three families involved in a land dispute with the
Khun Sear Import Export Company, in the Boeung Kak 1 area in Phnom Penh.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></div>
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In the past two
days, employees from the Khun Sear Company perpetrated many acts of harassment,
intimidation and attempts of harms on the three families residing on a disputed
plot of land in the Sangkat Boeung Kak 1. On the afternoon of the 28 October
2013 several men disturbed the peaceful business of M. Ly Srea Kheng and his
wife by chasing away the potential customers. The same day, employees from the
same Company threatened the families about killing their pets and, later at
night, M. Ly Srea Kheng’s two dogs and Mrs. Sok Houch’s cat were poisoned and
dropped in front of the houses. Moreover, chemical supposed to be insecticide
were sprayed on one of the house.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></div>
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During the night
of 30 October 2013, at around 1:30 AM, M. Ly Srea Kheng discovered a man
running from the main building. After inspection, he found that poisonous
cobras were dropped near the wall of the houses. The residents caught two of
the deadly snakes and killed one. <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></div>
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Bringing several
dangerous snakes in the houses of urban poor families is more than an act of
intimidation; it’s a death threat showing the intent to kill and should never
been used and mostly not as tool to try to win over a land dispute.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></div>
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These barbarous
actions are recalling the previous and continuous coercion and violence made by
worker hired by Khun Sear Import Export Company. Since May 2013, the residents
had their property destroyed, their business demolished, their physical
security threatened and violated, their water pipes and electricity cut off as
well as five of their pets killed. No real actions were ever taken by the local
authorities against the perpetrators.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></div>
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The HRTF and
CHRAC are strongly condemning these continuous attempts of intimidation,
violence and death threats against three families, residing legally for decades
on their plot of land in Boeung Kak 1. The HRTF and CHRAC call on the judicial
authorities to take appropriate and quick sanctions against the perpetrators in
order to ensure the fulfillment of the Government’s duty to protect the
security of its citizens.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">More information, please contact:<u1:p></u1:p></span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Suon Bunsak, Executive Secretary, CHRAC;
Tel: 092 344357<u1:p></u1:p></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Sia Phearum, Secretariat Director, HRTF;
Tel: 060313451</span><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-82461581455931037892013-10-25T14:09:00.001+07:002013-10-25T14:09:11.710+07:00October Mass Protest: Day 3<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Source from LICADHO</h1>
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October Mass Protest: Day 3</h1>
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Welcome to <b>LICADHO Live Stream</b>. We will be live streaming news as-it-happens during a three-day rally by the Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP) planned for October 23-25 in Phnom Penh. This is CNRP's second multi-day protest, following the July 2013 national elections which election monitors criticized as <a href="http://licadho-cambodia.org/collection/19/2013_national_election_irregularities_fraud" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;">marred with widespread fraud and irregularities</a>. CNRP has rejected the results and is calling for an independent probe.</div>
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Live Information Stream<div style="font-size: 10px; padding-bottom: 1px;">
Automatic refresh every 5 minutes; <a href="http://licadho-cambodia.org/stream/#" name="newstream" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;">click here to check now</a></div>
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<div class="streamitem" data-timestamp="2013-10-25 13:51:04" style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>13:51</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382683864"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">17 minutes ago</span></span></div>
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SUCCESSFUL DELIVERY OF NINE PETITIONS</div>
<a href="http://licadho-cambodia.org/stream/images/69o.jpg" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;"><img src="http://licadho-cambodia.org/stream/images/69.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%;" /></a><div class="body" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Today, the CNRP successfully delivered its five final petitions:</div>
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<li class="body" style="line-height: 17px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;">The Australian embassy (read petition <a href="http://www.nationalrescueparty.org/letter-to-australian-prime-minister-the-hon-tony-abbott/" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>)</li>
<li class="body" style="line-height: 17px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;">The Russian embassy (read petition <a href="http://www.nationalrescueparty.org/letter-to-russian-prime-minister-the-hon-dmitry-medvedev/" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>)</li>
<li class="body" style="line-height: 17px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;">The Japanese embassy (read petition <a href="http://www.nationalrescueparty.org/letter-to-japanese-prime-minister-the-hon-shinzo-abe/" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;">here</a>)</li>
<li class="body" style="line-height: 17px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;">The Indonesian embassy (read petition <a href="http://www.nationalrescueparty.org/letter-to-indonesian-president-h-e-dr-h-susilo-bambang-yudhoyono/" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>)</li>
<li class="body" style="line-height: 17px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;">The Chinese embassy (read petition <a href="http://www.nationalrescueparty.org/letter-to-chinese-prime-minister-the-hon-li-keqiang/" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>).</li>
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Over the past two days, the CNRP also delivered petitions to the UN Human Rights office and the British, French and US embassies.</div>
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>13:14</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382681678"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">54 minutes ago</span></span></div>
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Liam Cochrane, a Melbourne-based journalist reporting on Asia & the Pacific for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), tweets updates on the Australian Embassy's position.</div>
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>13:06</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382681172"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">1 hour ago</span></span></div>
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CNRP leaders Sam Rainsy and Kem Sokha have just taken the stage at Freedom Park.</div>
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>12:57</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382680646"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">1 hour ago</span></span></div>
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From Voice of Democracy (VOD): Sam Rainsy asks to publicly broadcast any post-protest dialogue between him and Prime Minister Hun Sen.</div>
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>12:49</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382680156"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">1 hour ago</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://licadho-cambodia.org/stream/images/64o.jpg" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;"><img src="http://licadho-cambodia.org/stream/images/64.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%;" /></a><div class="body" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Tens of thousands of supporters continue to stream down Monivong Boulevard as they make their way back to Freedom Park. The front of the march is about to cross Central Market.</div>
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>12:43</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382679799"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">1 hour ago</span></span></div>
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RFA Khmer <a href="http://www.rfa.org/khmer/news/politics/a-women-walks-from-kampongcham-to-join-cnrp-demonstration-10242013234830.html" style="color: #c81400; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">shares the story of Sao Pov</a>, a woman who walked 23 days from Kompong Cham to Phnom Penh to join the mass CNRP protest.</div>
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"I come here not for my benefit, but for my next generation's benefit," says Sao Pov, a woman from Kompong Siem district, Kompong Cham province. She once served as a housemaid in the royal residence of Prince Norodom Chakrapong. From 1993, she backed the CPP until her husband was shot and killed during the July 1997 troop clashes between CPP and FUNCINPEC. She then re-married and started a new life, bearing three children. However, her second husband died from severe illness and her family was forcibly evicted from their rented apartment at Borei Keila. In 2011, she re-married another man in Kompong Siem district's Tamao commune, Kompong Cham province. Authorities continue to threaten her because of her pro-CNRP stance.</div>
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To join the CNRP mass protest, Sao Pov embarked on a three-week journey by foot from her home in Kampong Cham to Phnom Penh. She traveled with her young family: her two sons, aged 10 and 13, and daughter, aged 3. She left with only 7,000 riel in her pocket, a bag of rice, cooking utensils, and a blanket. Along the way, she earned money for food by selling recyclable materials found on the road. She tried to hitchhike for rides, but no one would pick her up since she didn’t have money.</div>
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After 23 days of walking, Sao Pov and her family arrived in Phnom Penh. They celebrated by day and slept by night in Freedom Park. Last night though, her two sons continued to collect empty bottles to earn money for their trip home.</div>
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Mouen Tola, Head of the Labor Program at Community Legal Education Center (CLEC), also shares a video of Sao Pov speaking about her experiences.</div>
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>12:14</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382678059"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">1 hour ago</span></span></div>
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Following the acceptance of the petition by the Chinese embassy, the 20,000+ CNRP supporters are now walking back down Monivong Boulevard, returning to Freedom Park. All petitions have now been successfully delivered and accepted by the eight embassies and the UN Human Rights office.</div>
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>11:43</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382676238"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">2 hours ago</span></span></div>
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Sam Rainsy, Kem Sokha, and the marchers have just arrived at the Chinese embassy. Supporters are still streaming down Mao Tse Tung Boulevard.</div>
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>11:22</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382674946"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">2 hours ago</span></span></div>
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There are estimates of 20,000 supporters en route to the Chinese embassy. Journalist Robert Carmichael reminds us that there is a growing crowd waiting for them at Freedom Park.</div>
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<div class="streamitem" data-timestamp="2013-10-25 11:15:41" style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
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<span class="time" style="display: block;"><b>11:15</b> ICT</span><span class="date"> Oct 25</span><span class="streamelapse" data-epoch="1382674541"><br /><span style="background-color: #dedede; font-style: italic;">2 hours ago</span></span></div>
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Sam Rainsy and Kem Sokha have just re-grouped with their large mass of supporters and are heading west on Mao Tse Tung Boulevard towards the Chinese embassy.</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3651943804404797600.post-47110319803150082482013-10-25T11:16:00.000+07:002013-10-25T11:16:09.564+07:00Paris Peace Agreement to Settle Cambodia Conflict <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Agreement on a
Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The States participating in the Paris Conference on Cambodia,
namely Australia, Brunei Darussalam,</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cambodia, Canada, the People's Republic of China, the French
Republic, the Republic of India, the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Republic of Indonesia, Japan, the Lao People's Democratic
Republic, Malaysia, the Republic of the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Philippines, the Republic of Singapore, the Kingdom of Thailand,
the Union of Soviet Socialist </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, the United States of America, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the presence of the Secretary-General of the United Nations,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In order to maintain, preserve and defend the sovereignty,
independence, territorial integrity and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Desiring to restore and maintain peace in Cambodia, to promote
national reconciliation and to ensure </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">the exercise of the right to selfdetermination of the Cambodian
people through free and fair elections,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Convinced that only a comprehensive political settlement to the
Cambodia conflict will be just and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">durable and will contribute to regional and international peace
and security,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Welcoming the Framework document of 28 August 1990, which was
accepted by the Cambodian </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Parties in its entirety as the basis for settling the Cambodia
conflict, and which was subsequently </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">unanimously endorsed by Security Council resolution 668 (1990) of
20 September 1990 and General </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Assembly resolution 45/3 of 15 October 1990, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Noting the formation in Jakarta on 10 September 1990 of the
Supreme National Council of Cambodia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">as the unique legitimate body and source of authority in Cambodia
in which, throughout the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">transitional period, national sovereignty and unity are enshrined,
and which represents Cambodia </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">externally,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Welcoming the unanimous election, in Beijing on 17 July 1991, of
H.R.H. Prince Norodom Sihanouk </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">as the President of the Supreme National Council,</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Recognizing that an enhanced United Nations role requires the
establishment of a United Nations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) with civilian and military
components, which will act with full respect for the national sovereignty of
Cambodia,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Noting the statements made at the conclusion of the meetings held
in Jakarta on 9-10 September 1990, in Paris on 21-23 December 1990, in Pattaya
on 24-26 June 1991, in Beijing on 16-17 July 1991, in Pattaya on 26-29 August
1991, and also the meetings held in Jakarta on 4-6 June 1991 and in NewYork on
19 September 1991,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Welcoming United Nations Security Council resolution 717 (1991) of
16 October 1991 on Cambodia,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Recognizing that Cambodia's tragic recent history requires special
measures to assure protection of human rights, and the non-return to the
policies and practices of the past,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Have agreed as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif;">The detail document please<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/home/Public" target="_blank"> link here: </a></span></div>
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ព្រឹតិ្តបត្រច្បាប់កម្ពុជា (ព ច ក)គឺជាក្រុមឯករាជ្យ និងមិនមែនជាបក្សនយោបាយ ទេ ជាក្រុមស្ម័គ្រចិត្តដែល ធ្វើការ សម្រាប់ធ្វើ ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយអំពីច្បាប់ និងព័តមាន ដែលទាក់ទងនឹងការអភិវឌ្ឍ និងស្ថានភាព សិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅកម្ពុជា។ រាល់មតិ យោបល់នៅក្នុងព្រឹត្តនេះមិនអាចយកទៅធើ្វជាអំណះ អំណាង ចំពោះមុខ តុលាការ រឺក្នុងគោលបំណងអ្វីផ្សេងទៀតឡើយ។ ព ច ក គ្រាន់ផ្តល់ នូវចំណេះដឹងច្បាប់ និងចំណេះដឹងផ្សេងៗទៀតដល់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឌប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ ប្រសិនលោក អ្នកចង់ដឹងព័តមានបន្ថែមអំពី ព ច ក សូមផ្ញើអីម៉ែលមកយើងខ្ញុំ។ យើងខ្ញុំសូមស្វាគមន៌រាល់មតិលំអដល់ ព ច ក៕</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Every comment, it is taken into account.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09203807161913908668noreply@blogger.com0